内分泌系统专业英语课件

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Endocrine system,secretion crin(o)-,secret(o)-,分泌,gland,aden(o)-,腺,hypothalamus hypothalam,（o）,-下丘脑,hap,lms,pituitary pitui-,hypophys-垂体,ptju:tri,thyroid thyr(o)-甲状腺,adrenal adren(o)-,dri:nl,肾上腺,gonad,gnd,gonad(o)-性腺,Endocrine systemsecretion,Endocrine system,calcium,calc(i)-,钙,cortex,k:teks,cortic(o)-,皮质,thymus,ams,thym(o)-,胸腺,glucose,gluc(o)-,葡萄糖,Endocrine systemcalcium,中国免疫学信息网,杂志：,Clinical Immunology,临床免疫学杂志,Current Advances in Immunology and Infectious Diseases,免疫学和传染病近期进展,Journal of Immunology,免疫学杂志,Transplant Immunology,移植免疫学,Cancer Immunology,Immunotherapy(Text in English),癌免疫学，免疫疗法,中国免疫学信息网,Direct Agglutination Reaction-Tube Agglutination Test,Principle,Tube agglutination test（试管凝集试验）is usually used in the semiquantitative test.Directly mix known particle antigen with serial dilution of diagnostic serum in the tubes.Observe the appeared agglutinates in the tubes after certain time.,试管凝集试验多用于半定量实验。用已知的定量的颗粒性抗原悬液直接与系列稀释的待检血清在试管内混合，经一定时间后，观察各管有无凝集。,Direct Agglutination Reaction,Determine the level of the antibody in the serum and its titer（效价）according to its relative agglutination amount.,并根据凝集程度判定血清中的抗体水平及其效价。,Determine the level of the,Application,A classic application of the tube agglutination test method is the Widal test，a diagnostic procedure for detection of Salmonella infections，where the presence of antibodies against Salmonella H and O antigens can be demonstrated in the patients serum.,经典的试管凝集试验又称肥达氏反应，用来诊断伤寒感染的患者血清中是否存在伤寒杆菌H和O抗原的抗体及其水平，以辅助诊断伤寒病。,Application经典的试管凝集试验又称肥达氏反应，,It can help to diagnose Typhoid fever.This experiment is to determine unknown antibody by using known Salmonella bacteria.,以辅助诊断伤寒病。本实验是用已知的伤寒杆菌抗原检测未知抗体及相对含量。,It can help to diagnose Typ,Materials,1.Unknown serum（diagnostic serum）or patient serum（1：10 dilution）,2.Salmonella bacteria antigen（7X10,8,/ml),3.Saline,4.Pipette，test tubes，test tube rack，water bath，etc,1.待诊断血清或患者血清（1:10稀释）,2.伤寒杆菌菌液抗原（7亿个/ml),3.生理盐水 4.吸管、试管、试管架、水浴箱等,Materials1.待诊断血清或患者血清（1:10稀释,Procedures,1,.,Choose seven tubes in the rack and label them as“1”，“2”，to“7”。,2.Add 0.5 ml saline to each tube from tube“1”to tube“7”with 5 ml pipette.,3.Add 0.5 ml initial diagnostic serum into tube 1 containing 0.5 ml saline with 1 ml pipette，mix well.,4.Transfer 0.5 ml from tube“1”to“2”，mix by pulling the fluid up and down in the pipette.Use the same pipette to transfer 0.5 ml from tube“2”to“3”Continue this procedure and do serial twofold dilution of serum.Finally discard 0.5 ml from tube 6:The dilution from tube“1，to tube“6”is 1：20，1：401：640.,Procedures,5.Add 0.5 ml antigen to each tube（from tube“7”to“1”），mix well.The final dilution from tube“1”to 6”is 1，40，1，801：1 280；Tube“7”is the control tube.,6.Mix each tube and incubate for 24h at 56,0,C（or 37,0,C for overnight）Place the rack in a water bath；Observe the results and determine the titer of the serum（,）The highest dilution of serum causing obvious agglutination of bacteria（,）is defined as the titer of the serum.,5.Add 0.5 ml antigen to each,Results,1.First observe the control tube“7”The control tube“7”should show a uniform turbidity in contrast to the aggregates seen in the tubes containing the serum dilutions.It is represented as“,”,2.The agglutination is represented as“,”：,（1）“,”represents all of the bacteria agglutinated.Big agglutin appears at the bottom of the tube，while the supernatant is clear.,（2）“,”represents part of the bacteria agglutinated.Middle agglutin appears at the bottom of the tube，while the supernatant is a little turbid.,Results,（4）,“,”represents very small amount of the bacteria agglutinated，while the supernatant is turbid.,（5）“,一,”represents no agglutination.The phenomenon is same as that of the control tube.,(4）,“,十,”,细菌很少部分凝集，液体混浊，凝集颗粒隐约可见。,(5）,“,一,”,未凝集，液体与对照管相同。,（4）“”represents very small am,内分泌系统专业英语课件,Attentions,1.Gently manipulate the pipettes.Do not break the test tubes with the pipettes.Be careful when you add and transfer the samples one by one，to avoid confusion.,2.Do not shake the test tubes when you observe the results，to avoid the spreading of the agglutinates during observation.,【注意事项】,1实验操作认真仔细，如向试管内插入吸管宜轻，以免戳穿试管底；取样和加样应准确。稀释血清时应仔细且逐管进行，以防跳管。,2.观察结果时，最好先不要振摇试管，以免将凝集物摇散而影响观察。,Attentions【注意事项】,Immunohematology,Immunohematology,血常规检测,Blood routine test,；,BRT;Blood RT,Leukocyte ljuksat,Erythrocyte rrsat,Lymphocyte lmfsat,Platelet pletlt,Oxidizing agent,Reducing agent,The usage of“Present”,review,血常规检测Blood routine test；BRT;,Immunohematology,jeopardize depdaiz,vt.,危害；使陷危地；使受危困,transfusion trnsfju:n,trnz-,t