国际贸易实务Unit1PartB

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,copyright 2006 All Rights Reserved,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,copyright 2006 All Rights Reserved,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,copyright 2006 All Rights Reserved,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,copyright 2006 All Rights Reserved,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Chapter 1 Introduction and HighlightPart B,Warming-up,Nature of International Business,Reasons for International Trade,Major Categories of International Business,Theories about International Trade,Nature of International Business,International business,is all business transactions that involve two or more countries.,Private companies undertake international transactions for,profit,while governments may not be profit-motivated.,Reasons for international trade,1)The uneven distribution of resources around the world is one of the basic reasons for the appearance of international trade.,A.Favorable climatic conditions and terrain,B.Natural resources,C.Skilled workers,D.Capital resources,E.Favorable geographic location and transport costs,F.Insufficient production,2)Economic reasons-A.to expand their sales,B.to acquire resources,C.to diversify their sources of sales and supplies,The Major Categories of International Business,Merchandise Exports and Imports,(Tangible),Service Exports and Imports,(invisibles),Investments,(FDI;portfolio investment),Warming-up,完结,Essential Theories About International Trade,Protectionist Theories,Trade protectionism,F.List,J.M.Keynes,Trade protectionism,holds that governments should intervene with trade to prevent the free interflow of foreign products into their domestic markets.,?first voiced T.P.,Mercantilism,1.Mercantilists view on Trade:,The more gold and silver a nation had,the richer and more powerful it was.Thus,the government had to do all in its power to stimulate the nations exports and discourage and restrict imports(particularly the import of luxury consumption goods).,Policies of the mercantilism,只有金银才是财富,任何国家金银储量都是有限的，只有靠出口赚取别国金银才能增加本国财富,同时要限制或禁止本国购买别国商品支出本国金银,限制或禁止进口，,同时鼓励出口,Balance of Trade,贸易差额,The difference between the value of merchandise exports and the value of merchandise imports for a nation during a given period of time.,favorable balance of trade,Unfavorable balance of trade,England,began the first large-scale and integrative approach to mercantilism during the,Elizabethan Era,(15581603).An early statement on national,balance of trade,appeared in,Discourse of the Common Weal of this Realm of England,1549:We must always take heed that we buy no more from strangers than we sell them,for so should we impoverish ourselves and enrich them.,Protection theory of F.List,There should be different trade policies,in different stages of economic development.,农业时期,农工业时期,农工商业时期,原始未开化时期,畜牧时期,Free Trade,Protect,infant industry,Free trade,(Germany),(USA),(Portugal),(Spain),(France),(Britain),Infant industry,Underdeveloped industry that,in the face of competition from abroad,may not be able to survive the early years of struggle before reaching maturity.,Economic growth came from investment,and investment could multiply the increase of national income.,Free Trade TheoriesDavid Ricardo,大卫李嘉图,“,Free flow of international trade benefits all who participate,”,Theory of Absolute Advantage,Theory of Comparative Advantage,Factor-proportions Theory,In actual practice,however,the world has never had a completely free trading system because every individual country puts controls on trade for reasons.,1,.,Theory of Absolute Advantage,绝对优势理论,(AA),-,当一国,(A,国,),在生产一种产品时比另一国,(B,国,),更有效率（即有绝对优势,AA,），但在生产另一种产品时效率又不如另一国,(B,国,),（即有绝对劣势,AD,），那么，两个国家都可专业化生产各自具有绝对优势的产品并出口部分该产品以与对方换取自己具有绝对劣势的产品，从而双方都可受益,.,Theory of Absolute Advantage(AA),-When one nation is,more efficient,(AA over)than another in the production of one good but is less efficient than(absolute disadvantage with respect to)the other nation in producing a second good,then,both nations can gain,by each,specializing,in the production of the good of its AA and exchanging part of its output with the other nation for the good of its absolute disadvantage(AD).,Britain,Portugal,efficiency,Cloth yard/man-hour,20,10,2:1,Wine gallon/man-hour,2,4,1:2,The Absolute Advantage in International Trade,What can we learned from the table?,-,Britain,more,efficient,than(AA over)Portugal in producing,cloth,.,-,Portugal,more,efficient,than(AA over)Britain in produ