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,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Public Policy and Policy Analysis,contents,Introduction,1,2,Policy analysis,3,Empirical methods,4,Public policy,administration and management,Policy process models,5,6,Responses to criticism,7,Political public policy,8,Conclusion,9,Limitations of the policy analysis approach,Introduction,In the period roughly from the 1950s to the 1970s,public policyreally began to take off,and public administration began to move into a state of decline which was to accelerate in the 1980s(Parsons,1995,p.7).,By the early 1970s,some involved in the study of public policy consciously and deliberately distanced themselves from the discipline of public adminis-tration.Most public policy practitioners at the time saw it as concerned with the application of formal,mathematical methods to solving public sector problems.,The argument here is that there are now two public policy approaches,each with its own concerns and emphases:,The first is termed,policy analysis,;,The policy analysis people are those who have continued to develop the field in the way it started,that is,by the use of sometimes highly abstract statistics and mathematical models,with the focus on decision-making and policy formation.,Introduction,Introduction,The second is,political public policy,.,Political public policy theorists are more inter-ested in the results or outcomes of public policy,the political interactions determining a particular event,and in policy areas health,education,welfare,the environment,for example rather than in the use of statistical methods.,Introduction,Public policy could now be considered either as a separate paradigm,competing with public administration and public management or as a set of analytical methods applicable to both.It is argued here that the public policy movement is closely related to the traditional model of public administration,with its implicit acceptance of the bureaucratic model and its one best way thinking.The extent of its critique of the traditional model was to argue for more usage of empirical methodology to assist or even supplant decision-making,rather than more fundamental questioning.,Public policy,administration and management,There are differences in definition between the policy analysis and political public policy schools.,Putt and Springer(1989,p.10),argue:From a policy analysis perspective,The function of policy research is to facilitate public policy processes through providing accurate and useful decision-related information.The skills required to produce information that is technically sound and useful lie at the heart of the policy research process,regardless of the specific methodology employed.This definition emphasizes methods.,Public policy,administration and management,Quade(1982,p.5),who defines the area as:,A form of applied research carried out to acquire a deeper understanding of socio-technical issues and to bring about better solutions.Attempting to bring modern science and technology to bear on societys problems,policy analysis searches for feasible courses of action,generating information and marshalling evidence of the benefits and other conse-quences that would follow their adoption and implementation,in order to help the policy-maker choose the most advantageous action.These points set out what the more formal,policy analysis,approach aims to do.,Public policy,administration and management,Lynn(1987,p.239),take the approach is quite different and emphasizes the political interaction from which policy derives.,In his definition:,Public policy can be characterized as the output of a diffuse process made up of individuals who interact with each other in small groups in a framework dominated by formal organizations.Those organizations function in a system of political institutions,rules and practices,all subject to societal and cultural influences.,Public policy,administration and management,Perspective:,Public administration,was considered the domain of the gifted amateur,where governing wisely and well had little to do with any kind of method or statistic.,Public policy,is expressly more political than is public administration and has also emphasized more techni-cal,even mathematical approaches to decision-making.It is more realistic than public administration in that it does allow the bureaucracy to have decision-making and political roles.,Public policy,administration and management,It is rather more difficult to separate public policy from political science and sometimes it would be hard to decide whether a particular study is one of public policy or politics.,As,Henry,(1990,p.6)argues:,public policy,has been an effort to apply political science to public affairs;its inherent sympathies with the practical field of public administration are real,and many scholars who identify with the public policy sub-field find themselves in a twilight zone between political science and public administration,pirouetting in the shadows of both discipl
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