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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语句子有严谨的主谓结构。这个结构通常由名词性短语(NP)和动词性短语(VP)构成。主语不可或缺，谓语动词是句子的中心，两者协调一致(SV concord)，提纲挚领，聚集各种关系网络,(conne,ct,ive,-n,exus),。因此，英语句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后拥，严密规范，句式呈“聚集型”(compactness)。,相比之下，汉语的主谓结构要复杂得多。主语不仅形式多样，而且可有可无：它可表示施事、受事，也可表示时间、地点；可用名词、动词，也可用形容词、数量词；句子可以没有主语，也可以省略主语，还可以变换主语并予以隐含。,汉语的谓语也复杂多样：它可以是动词、名词或形容词；可以是一个动词，也可以是多个动词，还可以没有动词；它可以是一个单词，也可以是多个词组。,汉语不受形态的约束，没有主谓形式协调一致的关系，也就没有这种关系可以驾驭全句。汉语主谓结构具有很大的多样性、复杂性和灵活性，因而句式呈“流散型”,(diffusiveness),。,英语的主语和谓语动词搭配，形成句子的核心,(kernel),，谓语动词控制句子主要成分的格局。句子尽管错综复杂，千变万化，但根据谓语动词的类别和特征，都可以把英语的主谓结构归结为五种基本句型，即，,SV,，,SVP,，,SVO,，,SVoO,，,SVOC,：,基本句型,(,一,),主语十动词,The telephone rang.,The meeting has begun.,基本句型,(,二,),主语十动词十表语,We are students.,She appeared cheerful.,基本句型,(,三,),主语十动词十宾语,Labour created man.,The news surprised me.,基本句型,(,四,),主语十动词十间接宾语十直接宾语,She sang us a song.,I sent him a letter.,基本句型,(,五,),主语十动词十宾语十宾语补足语,He painted the door green.,We elected him our monitor.,英语各种长短句子，一般都可以看作是这五种基本句型及其变式、扩展、组合、省略或倒装：,1,、基本句型的变式。上述五种基本句型都是陈述句、肯定句和主动句。由这些基本句型可以转换为以下几种主要的变式：,a),陈述句变疑问句。陈述句通过改变语序或使用助动词可以变为疑问句，如：,Has the meeting begun?,Did you send him a letter?,b),肯定句变否定句。肯定句通过使用否定词、助动词可以变为否定句，如：,We are not students.,The telephone did not ring.,c),主动句变被动句。基本句型,(,三,),、,(,四,),、（五）的大部分主动句通过使用助动词,(,和介词,),、改变词序和动词的形态可以变为被动句，如：,The door was painted green.,A letter was sent to him.,d)“There,十,be,十主语”结构。这种表示“存在”的句型可以看作是基本句型,(,一,),的不同形式：,There was a meeting yesterday.,There came a knock at the door.,2,基本句型的扩展。上述五种基本句型及其变式，还可以通过以下方式加以扩展：,a),增加修饰语。修饰语主要是定语和状语，可以采用单词或词组，也可以采用从句，如：,Now the integrated,circuit,has reduced,by many times,the size,of the computer of which it forms a part,thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputer,s.,When Chou En-lais door opened,they saw,a,slender,man,of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful,.,b),扩展基本句型的成分。基本句型的成分是单词，若采用词组或从句，句型结构即得以扩展：,The kaleidoscope of shifting interests of the nations during the negotiation,made it,impossible,to sort out the“winners”and“losers”.,The structure of the steel and the resulting properties,will depend on,how hot the steel gets and how quickly or slowly it is cooled.,3,基本句型的组合。基本句型及其变式、扩展，还可以通过并列连词或标点连接起来，组合成并列句或并列复合句：,A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth,but,the majority are so large that hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare;here and there we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions of millions of earths.,Our Charter,being a historical product,has its limitations,and,although we have always considered that strict respect for the principles it embodies is the key to considerable progress in international coexistence,we now venture to suggest certain changes,which are technical rather than political,to improve the machinery available to the Organization,since the lofty aims to which we aspire will be the more readily attainable the better the machinery at our disposal.,4,、基本句型的省略。基本句型及其变式、扩展和组合，根据表达的需要，可以省略某些成分或词语。一般说来，省略的部分可以复原，省略句仍然可以看作是基本句型的变体。,1,),To err is human,to forgive(,is,)divine.,2)If one had but two heads and neither required sleep!,3)Every language has its peculiarities;they are established by usage,and whether(,they are,)right or wrong,they must be complied with.,4)A serious matter this for you and me.,5,、基本句型的倒装。基本句型及其变式、扩展和组合，根据表达的需要，可以调换其正常的话序。一般说来，调换的语序可以复原，倒装句也可以看作是基本句型的变体：,1)The greatest truths are the simplest,so are the greatest men.,2),Neither could theory do,without practice,nor(could,),practice(do),without theory.,3),Such treatment,I did not expect,for I never had a patron before.,4),Naked,you want it,naked,youll have it,5)Deal with us nobly,，,women,though we be.,6)Never,was,night so still;never,was a sky,so deeply blue,nor stars so bright and serene.,英语注重句子结构完整，注重结构形式规范，句子尽管繁简交替、长短交错，但形式仍不致流散，其主要原因是英语有许多聚集句子的手段，如形态标志及连接词语使各种成分关系明确，“,it”,、“,there”,这类填补词,(expletives),使句子结构完整，等等。,英语句子复杂而不流散的另一重要原因是：句子成分之间或词语之间必须在人称、数、性和意义等方面保持协调一致的关系（,concord,或,agreement),。这一原则包括以下三方面：,1,语法一致,(grammatical concord),：,即在语法形式上保持主语和谓语动词之间数与人称的一致(如动词单数第三人称加-s-es)，主语和表语之间数的一致(如She is a studentThey are students)，宾语和宾语补足语之间数的一致(如I found the boy a bright pupilI found the boys bright pupils)，人称代词、某些限定词和它们的照应对象之间的人称、数或性的一致(如The girl has seen her mother)，等等。,2,意义一致,(notional concord),：即在意义上保持一致，如主语形式为复数，但意义为单数，谓语动词依意义采取单数形式，反之亦然：,Two thousand dollars,is,more than he can afford.,My family,are,all fond of playing table tennis.,非限定动词作状语或定语，其逻辑主语或逻辑宾语必须与句子的主语或被修饰语保持协调一致：,1),Sent,to zoos in Tokyo and other cities,the,pandas,are reported to have settled down very well,2)Mary,felt sad not,to have been invited,to the banquet,3)Tradition has it that the island-city was founded in A.D.451 when,a,coastdwelling,people,called,the Venetti fled across the lagoon before,advancing,Hun,barbarians,.,3,就近原则,(principle of proximity),：即谓语动词的人称和数往往和其最靠近的词语保持一致，如：,Either you or I,am,going.,Neither you,，,nor I,，,nor anyone else,knows,the answer,英语句子成分之间这种协调一致的原则，使句子结构受到形态的约束，因而句式严谨、规范、刻板，缺
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