构词法ppt课件

,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,构 词 法,构 词 法,1,对于多数中国英语学习者来说,如何扩大词汇量一直是个难题。.实际上,英语单词的构成有一定的规律和方法,掌握构词法对于扩大词汇量有很大帮助。,英语构词法主要有:,1)派生法 2)转换法 3)合成法 4)截短法 5)缩略法 6)混合法,对于多数中国英语学习者来说,如何扩大词汇量一直是个难题。.,2,1.派生法,在一个词的词根前面或后面加上某个词缀构成新词的方法叫派生法。分为前缀和后缀。,1.1 前缀,在多数情况下，前缀会改变词的意义。,1.派生法,3,1）否定前缀,（1)dis-用于名词、动词前表否定（不，反向）,例如：disconnect,disarm,disagree,disadvantage,disable,discourage,discover,dishonesty,disillusion,disinterest,dislodge,disorder,disqualify,dissatisfy,distrust,disuse,1）否定前缀,4,（2)in-通常用于形容词前表否定（变体：il-,im-,ir-）,例如：incomplete,inaccurate,inappropriate,incapable,incorrect,indifferent,indivisible,infinite,inflexible,inimitable,inoperative,insensitive,insignificant.,il-用于以字母l开头的形容词前表相反,例如：illegal,illegible,illiberal,illimitable,illiterate,illogic,im-用于以字母m开头的形容词前表相反,例如：immaterial,immature,immemorial,immobile,immoderate,immodest,immortal,immovable,ir-用于以字母r开头的形容词前表相反,例如：irrational,irrealizable,irregular,irrelevant,irreligious,irremovable,irresponsible,（2)in-通常用于形容词前表否定（变体：il-,im,5,（3）non-用于名词、形容词和副词前（不,不重要，缺少传统特征的）,例如：non-hero,non-book,nonconductor,non-confidence,non-dollar,non-effective,non-metal,non-natural,（4）un-用于形容词、分词前（不，非）,例如：unable,unacceptable,unanswered,unattracted,unbroken,unconnected,uncontrolled,undecided,undeveloped,unemotional,unemployed,unforgettable,unfriendly,unimportant,unimproved,unnecessary,unpunished,untitled,untouchable,unusual,（3）non-用于名词、形容词和副词前（不,不重要，缺少,6,2）表其它意义的前缀,（1）mis-用于动词、名词前（坏，错，误）,例如：misdirect,misunderstand,misbelief,mislead,mistreat,misuse,（2）co-用于名词、动词前（共同，一起，相互）,例如：coact,coexist,cooperate,co-owner,（3）over-用于动词、名词、形容词前（过）,例如：overwork,overeat,overconfident,overestimate,overpressure,overprotect,oversleep,2）表其它意义的前缀,7,（4）under-用于动词前（低于，少于，不足）,例如：underdevelop,underestimate,undervalue,underwrite,（5）bi-用于形容词、名词前（双，两个）,例如：bi-lingual,bicycle,bilateral,(6)micro-用于名词前（微型的，小的）,例如：microphone,microphotograph,microprint,microsecond,micromotor,(7)dis-disappear disapprove,（4）under-用于动词前（低于，少于，不足）,8,（8）anti-anti-tank,anti-war,anti-society,（9）pre-/post preface,postwar,（10）re-rearrange,restore,（11）ex-exchange,（8）anti-anti-tank,anti-war,9,1.2 后缀,1）名词后缀,（1)-er/-or/-ee,-eer,-ist,-ese,-ess,-ant:用于动词后，构成表示人或物的名词,例如：manager,teacher,singer,author,calculator,employer,operator,employee,interviewee,engineer,volunteer,artist,dentist,pianist,scientist,Japanese,actress,waitress,hostess,assistant,applicant,1.2 后缀,10,（2)-ment,-ance/ence,-ure,-ation/sion,-al(用于动词后),-ity,-th,-ty,-ness(用于形容词后),-ship(用于名词后)构成表示行为,性质,状态的抽象名词,例如：development,equipment,judgment,acceptance,confidence,difference,independence,failure,pressure,decision,preparation,translation,information,abbreviation,regulation recommendation,organization,operation,participation,conversation,globalization,innovation,expectation.refusal,arrival,survival,proposal,ability,reality,unity,length,truth,wealth,width,warmth,safety,darkness,kindness,friendship,scholarship,leadership,membership,hardship,（2)-ment,-ance/ence,-ure,11,（3)其它名词后缀,-age,-ing(用于动词后),例如：courage,storage,marriage,building,learning,writing,-dom(用于形容词或名词后),例如：freedom,kingdom,wisdom,-hood(用于名词后),例如：childhood,fatherhood,manhood,neighborhood,-en(用于表示材料的名词后),例如：wooden,golden,（3)其它名词后缀,12,2）形容词后缀,（1）-able,-tive,-ent(用于动词后),例如：acceptable，available，suitable，drinkable,movable,reasonable,collective,decisive,dependent,consistent,（2）-al,-ful,-less,-ish,-ly,-y,-ary(用于名词后),例如：natural,national,additional,powerful,faithful,careful,careless,hopeless,helpless,childish,selfish,friendly,motherly,thirsty,noisy,secondary,imaginary,revolutionary,2）形容词后缀,13,3）动词后缀,-ise/ize,-en,-ify(用于形容词后),例如：realize,modernize,deepen,fasten,sharpen,shorten,widen,beautify,purify,verify,modify,(例外：strengthen,lengthen,organize是由名词加后缀构成的),3）动词后缀,14,4)副词后缀,(1)-ly(用于形容词后),例如：carefully,regularly,terribly,(2)-ward(用于名词后),例如：backward,forward,homeward,(3)wise,例如：otherwise,likewise,4)副词后缀,15,2.转化法,在词形不变的情况下，一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性。,2.1 动词转化为名词,例如：Lets have a look at the pictures.我们来看一下这些图片。,He usually goes out for a walk after supper.他通常晚餐后出去散步。,We have made a big step out to the space.,我们已经朝太空迈出了一大步。,2.转化法,16,2.2 名词转化为动词,许多表示物件，身体部位，某类人及少数抽象名词，可转化为名词。,例如：Did you book a seat on the plane?您在飞机上订座位了么？,Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。,You should shoulder responsibilities in this matter.,这件事你应该承担责任。,May I ask who chairs the meeting?我可以问一下谁主持会议吗？,She nursed her husband back to health.,她精心照顾她丈夫使他恢复健康。,2.2 名词转化为动词,17,2.3 形容词转化为名词,形容词转化为名词一般情况下前面要加 the。,例如：The old in the village are living a happy life.村里的老人过着幸福生活。,The injured were sent to hospital immediately.,伤员立即被送到了医院。,The rich are not necessarily happier than the poor.,富人不一定比穷人幸福。,He preferred moderns like Miro and Klee.,他更喜欢Miro 和 Klee的现代音乐。,2.3 形容词转化为名词,18,3.合成法,由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词的构词法称为合成法。合成词之间有的要用连字符连接，有的直接连接在一起。,3.1 合成名词,名词+名词 weekend,boystudent,headache,名词+动词 daybreak,haircut,名词+动名词 handwriting,oil-painting,名词+及物动词+er/or pain-killer,代词+名词 she-wolf,动词+名词 typewriter,bottle-opener,postman,动名词+名词 reading-room,sleeping-pill,形容词+名词 gentleman,blackboard,副词+动词 outbreak,3.合成法,19,3.2 合成形容词,名词+形容词 show-w