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Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,11/7/2009,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,颅脑和脊髓先天畸形,craniocerebral and spinal congenital malformation,制作 哈医大一院 神经外科,abstract,The congenital malformation of central nervous system is the common disease of children in neurosurgery field.This chapter mainly introduce congenital hydrocephalus,cranium bifidum and spina bifida,craniostenosis and basilar invagination.,The causes of these diseases are different.When an obstruction happens in any parts of the circulatory route,the hydrocephalus happens.The patients have the symptom and sign of chronic,abstract,intracranial pressure.The cause of cranium,spina and basilar in vagination is congenital craniostenosis is by reasons of bone suture closing so early that the brain can not develop normally.,All malformation have each special symptom,with the help of x-ray、CT、MIR et al.We can get the right diagnosis easily.,Commonly,the operation that rectify the malformation is the key of the therapy.The more early you operate,the better the patient will get.,vocabulary,Congenital adj 先天的,Hydrocephalus n 脑积水,Obstructive adj 梗阻性的,Cranium bifidum n 颅裂,Spina bifida n 脊柱裂,Meningocele n 脊膜膨出,Encephalocele n 脑膨出,Cystic adj 囊状的,vocabulary,Myelomeningocele n 髓脊膜膨出,Myelocele n 脊髓膨出,Craniostenosis n 狭颅症,Turricephaly n 塔状头,Basilar adj 颅底的,Invagination n 套入内部,颅脑和脊髓先天畸形craniocerebral and spinal congenital malformation,第一节 先天性脑积水,congenital hydrocephalus,第二节 颅裂和脊柱裂,cranium bifidum and spina bifida,第三节 狭 颅 症,craniostenosis,第四节 颅底陷入症,basilar invagination,第一节 先天性脑积水congenital hydrocephalus,婴儿脑积水:婴幼儿期脑脊液循环通路受阻,,吸收障碍或分泌过多使脑脊液,积聚脑室系统和蛛网膜下腔,致,脑室或蛛网膜下腔扩大。形成,头颅扩大、颅内压增高、脑功,能障碍。,成人脑积水:发病机制相同,但无头颅扩大。,分 类,非交通性脑积水:梗阻部位-脑室狭窄处,Obstructive hyedrocephalus,交通性脑积水:梗阻部位-基 底 池,Communication hydrocephalus,不能达大脑表面,婴儿脑积水病因,1、产伤颅内出血、感染、炎症,2、先天畸形:中脑导水管狭窄,中孔、,侧孔闭锁,阿-齐氏畸形,3、病因不明,临床表现clinic presentation,1、头围异常增大,额顶突出,囟门扩大隆起,,颅缝增宽,头顶扁平,头发稀少,,头皮静脉怒张,面颅小于头颅。,2、颅骨菲薄,叩诊破壶音。,3、眶顶受压变薄下移,眼球受压下旋,上部,巩膜外露-落日征。,4、脑功能障碍:智能低下,瞳孔反射异常,,眼球运动障碍,抽搐发作。,先天脑积水-落日征,治 疗 therapy,1、解除梗阻手术:畸形、梗阻,2、旁路手术:,(1)Torkildson手术:侧脑室-枕大池,分流,适用于导水管阻塞。,(2)第三脑室造瘘术:终板打开。不持久。,3、分流术:,1、腰池-腹腔分流术,2、脑室-体腔分流术,(1)脑室-腹腔分流术,(2)脑室-心房分流术,颅裂和脊柱裂是胚胎发育障碍,第二节 颅裂和脊柱裂cranium bifidum and spina bifida,头颅扩大、颅内压增高、脑功,Encephalocele n 脑膨出,3、脑膜脑膨出:颅骨缺损大,不透光,不,四、治 疗 therapy,Cystic adj 囊状的,特 点characteristic,The more early you operate,the better the patient will get.,1、X片:颅骨缺损,临床表现clinic presentation,治 疗 therapy,并发症,1、堵塞:临床症状重现-梗阻,原因:(1)脑脊液蛋白高,(2)脑室内出血,(3)大网膜粘连阻塞远端,2、感染:,原因,:(1)皮肤破溃,(2)操作污染,(3)分流管消毒不严,第二节 颅裂和脊柱裂,cranium bifidum and spina bifida,分 类 classification,颅裂和脊柱裂是胚胎发育障碍,1、隐性:只有颅骨或椎管骨缺损,,无内容膨出。,2、显性:颅骨或椎管骨缺损+颅,内容或椎管内容膨出。,颅裂和脊柱裂好发部位,显性颅裂 cranium bifidum apertum,一、根据膨出内容分类,1、脑膜膨出meningocele:脑膜+脑脊液,2、脑 膨 出encephalocele:脑膜+脑实质,3、脑膜脑囊状膨cysticMingoencephalocele:,脑膜+脑实质+部分脑室+脑脊液,4、脑囊状膨出cystic encephalocele:,脑膜+部分脑室+脑实质,二、临床表现 clinic presentation,1、中线部位肿块:出生就有,逐渐长大,,多见于鼻根、枕部。,2、脑膜膨出:颅骨缺损小,透光能压缩。,3、脑膜脑膨出:颅骨缺损大,不透光,不,能压缩,实体感。,4、可合并其他脑畸形。,5、合并智力障碍等神经系统体征。,三、诊 断 diagnosis,一、临床表现:,二、辅助检查:,1、X片:颅骨缺损,2、C T:膨出内容,3、MRI:优于CT,颅裂,四、治 疗 therapy,关闭缺损,切除膨出肿块,,一岁内安全。,显性脊柱裂 spina bifida apertum,三、诊断 diagnosis,一、临床表现:,二、辅助检查:,1、X片:颅骨缺损,2、MRI:脊髓圆椎下移、内容,四、治 疗 therapy,手术时机 :13个月最好,切开囊壁 游离组织 还纳 切除,囊壁,缝合栓系-切断终丝,第三节 狭颅症 craniostenosis,狭颅症:颅缝早闭、颅缝骨化症,颅腔狭小 脑发育受限,颅高压,脑功能障碍,临 床 表 现 clinic presentation,1、头颅畸形:,所有颅缝-尖头畸形、塔头,矢 状 缝-舟状头、长头畸形,两侧冠缝-短头或扁头畸形,一侧冠缝-斜头畸形,枕大孔周围的颅底结构向颅内陷入,枕大孔周围的颅底结构向颅内陷入,1、腰池-腹腔分流术,眼球运动障碍,抽搐发作。,先天脑积水-落日征,2)Booggard线:颅前窝底-斜坡夹角,,Myelocele n 脊髓膨出,The congenital malformation of central nervous system is the common disease of children in neurosurgery field.,第三节 狭 颅 症,头颅扩大、颅内压增高、脑功,诊 断 diagnosis,Basilar adj 颅底的,2、先天畸形:中脑导水管狭窄,中孔、,临 床 表 现,2、脑功能障碍和颅内压增高:,智力低下,精神萎靡,癫,痫,头痛,呕吐,视乳头水肿,临 床 表 现,3、眼部症状,眼眶变浅,突眼,分离性斜视。,4、其他身体畸形,脊柱裂、唇裂、并指,诊 断 diagnosis,1、临床表现:,2、辅助检查:,X片:骨缝早闭,颅高压征象,治 疗 therapy,手术治疗:6个月内进行,一、切除早闭颅缝,二、切除大骨块减压,第四节 颅底陷入症basilar invagination,特 点characteristic,枕大孔周围的颅底结构向颅内陷入,齿突高于正常,枕骨大孔前后径缩短,颅后窝狭小,结果:延髓受压,局部神经受牵拉.,病 因pathogeny,先天发育畸形多见,常合并扁平颅底、环枢椎畸形、,小脑扁桃体下疝,临 床 表 现 clinic presentation,1、婴幼儿期:颅底、颈椎骨未骨化,组织弹性好,,无症状。,2、成年:筋膜、韧带、硬膜、蛛网膜增厚,瘢痕粘,连,损伤,神经血管受损,颈神经、尾组,颅神经、延髓、小脑功能障碍,颅内压增,高。,3、颈粗短,发际低,头颈歪斜缓慢进行性加重。,诊 断 diagnosis,1、颅颈交界X片:,1)Chamberlain线:硬腭后缘枕大孔上,缘连线,齿突高于3mm可确诊。,2)Booggard线:颅前窝底-斜坡夹角,,115145度,大于145度为扁平颅底,2、MRI:,显示颈髓受压、下疝畸形、脊髓空洞症等,-有助于制定手术方案,颅底陷入症,治 疗therapy,无症状-不手术,有症状-广泛后颅凹减压术,
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