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研究背景及思路,实验的方法,室内分析实验,室外模拟实验,预期结果,程全国,.,面源污染物对环境的影响及趋势分析,.,辽宁城乡环境科技,2000,2,（,5,）：,46.,张维理，武淑霞，冀宏杰，等,.,中国农业面源污染形势估计控制对策,I.21,世纪初中国农业面源污染的形势估计,.,中国农业科学，,2004,，,37(7):1008-1017.,Corwin DL.Non-Point Pollution modeling based on GIS J.Soil and Water Conservation.1998,，,l:75-88.,农业面源污染主要是溶解态或颗粒态污染物从非特定的地点，在非特定的时间，于降水,(,或融雪,),冲刷作用下，汇入河流、湖泊，水库、海洋等自然受纳水体，引起的水体富营养化或其它形式的污染,(,程全国，,2000;,张维理，,2004;),。,全球范围来看，,30%-50%,的地球表面已受面源污染的影响，并且在全世界不同程度退化的,12,亿,ha,耕地中，约,12%,由农业面源污染引起,(corwin,等，,1998),1.,研究背景,王道涵，梁成华,.,农业磷素流失途径及控制方法研究进展,J.,土壤与环境,.2002,，,11(2):183-188.,黄东风，王果，陈超,.,农业面源污染研究概况及发展趋势,J.,中国农村小康科技,.2006(11):39-45,自,20,世纪,70,年代以来，中国各大湖泊、重要水域的水体污染，特别是水体的氮、磷富营养化问题急剧恶化，湖泊水质持续下降。,(,黄东风等，,2006),。,中科院对我国淡水生态环境质量的现状分析表明，在已监测的全国,131,个主要湖泊中有,67,个是富营养化的，其中农业面源氮、磷负荷占的比例较大，并且农业磷素的流失与土壤中积累的磷素总量关系密切,(,王道涵等，,2002),。,Haygarth.PM,，,JarvisSC.Transfer of Phosphorus fro magricultural soil J.Advances inagronomy.1999.66:195-247.Leinweber P,Lunsmann F,Eekhardt KU.Phosphorus sorption capacities and saturation of soil in two regions with different Iives toekdensiticsin northwest Germany J.Soil Use Management.1997,，,13:82-89.Sharpley AN,，,Chapra SC,，,Wedepohl R.Managing Agriculture phosphorus protection of Surface waters:Issues and Options J .Journal of Environmental Quality.1994,，,23:437-451.,徐明岗等,.,土壤磷扩散规律及其能量特征的研究,.,施肥量及水肥温相互作用对磷扩散的影响,J.,土壤学报,1998,35(1):55-65.,Olga Susana Heredia,Alicia Fernandez Cirelli.Environmental risks of increasing phosphorus addition in relation to soil sorption capacity J.Geodrma,2007,137:426-431,Parry;Vander Molen et al.,研究表明：农业面源污染是内陆水体富营养化的重要诱导因素。而造成农业面源污染的主要原因是过量施肥，尤其是在畜牧业密集的地区,(sharpley,等，,1994;Leinwebe:,等，,1997:Haygarth,等，,1999),。,长期而过量地施用磷肥,导致农田耕层土壤处于富磷状态，通过径流，渗漏等途径向水体迁移，引发受纳水体的富营养化,（徐明岗等,1998,；,Olga Susana Heredia et al.,2007,）,司友斌，王慎强，陈怀满等,.,农田氮、磷的流失与水体富营养化,.,土壤，,2000,，,(4):188193.,引起水体富营养化的关键元素是氮和磷，其中磷的作用远大于氮。水体中磷的浓度不高时就可以引起水体的富营养化。一般，当水体中总氮浓度大于,0.2mg/L,，无机总磷浓度达到,0.02mg/L,时，就有可能引起藻华现象,(,金相灿等，,1992,；司友斌等，,2000),。,Oenema,O Roest C W J.Nitrogen and phosphorus losses fro agriculture into surface waters:theeffects on policies and measures in the Netherlands J.Water Sci.Tech,1998,37(2):19-30,段永蕙，张乃明等,.,滇池流域农田土壤氮磷流失影响因素探析,J.,中国生态农业学。,2005,1,（,2,）：,116-118Vighi M,Chiaudani G.Eutrophieation in Europe,the role of agricultural activities.In:HodgsonE.RevrewsofEertinamevtalTOxicology.Amsterdam:Elsevier.1987:213-257.Parry R.Agricultural phosphorus and water quality:A U.S.Environmental protection agency perspective J.Environ.Qual.,1998,27:258-261Vander Molen D T,Breewwsma A,Boers P CM.Agricultural nutri2ent losses to surface water in the Netherlands:Impact,strategies,and perspectivesJ .J.Environ.Qual.,1998,27:4-11.,农业面源污染提供的总磷占水环境污染总量的,40%-50%,（,Line et al.,1998;Oenema et al.,1998,）,。,段永惠等,（,2005,）,对滇池流域农田土壤磷流失研究证实：农田径流输入的磷占滇池入湖总磷的,53%,。,在欧洲国家，农业面源污染同样是造成水体污染的首要来源，也是造成地表水中磷富集的最主要原因，由农业面源排放的磷为地表水污染总负荷的,24%-71%,(vighi,等，,1987),。,农田生态系统的磷素输入大于输出，作物对磷肥的,利用率很低。通常情况下,当季只能利用,5-15,加上,后效一般也不超过,25,所以，约有,75-90,的磷滞留,在土壤中,（王庆仁,李继云,1999,）,。当有机肥施用却,未能被全部吸收利用时，必然会增加氮、磷流失风,险。来自有机肥的地表径流和渗漏能引起严重污,染,（,Sherwood M.,Fanning A.1981,；）,。,王庆仁,李继云,.,论合理施肥与土壤环境的可持续性发展,J.,环境科学进,展,1999,7(2):116-123.Sherwood M.,Fanning A.Nutrient content of surface run-off water from land treated with animal wastes.In,：,Brogan J C.(Ed.),，,Nitrogen Losses and Surface Run-off from Land Spreading of Manures.Martinus Nijbo./W.Junk,The Hague,1981,5-17.,Mueller,D.H.,，,R.C.Wendt,and T.C.Daniel.Phosphorus losses as affected by tillage and manure applicationJ.Soil Sci Soc Am J.1984,48:901-905.Sharpley A.N.,Chapra S.C.Wedepohle R,et al.Managing agricultural phosphours for protection to surface water:issues and optionsJ.Journal of Environmental Quality,1994,23:437-451.Lehmann L.,Lan Z.,Hyland C.,et 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