职位说明书销售总监Title课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,职位说明书销售总监Title,*,职位说明书销售总监Title,2024/11/11,职位说明书销售总监Title,Species,Natural processes,anthropogenic,Present burden vs pre-industrial,Elements of climate affecting emissions,Primary particles,Mineral dust,Wind erosion,Land use change,industrial dust,Incr.,Changing winds and precipitation,Sea salt,Wind,Changing winds,Biolog.Part.,Wind,biolog.processes,Agriculture,?,Changing winds,Carb.Part.,Vegetation fires,Fossil fuel&biomass burning,Incr.,Changing precip.,Secondary,DMS,Phytoplankton degradation,More sulfate,Changing winds,SO,2,Volc emissions,Fossil fuel comb.,More sulfate,NH,3,Microbial activity,Agriculture,More ammonium nitrate,NO,x,Lightning,Fossil fuel comb.,Incr.nitrate,Change in convective activity,VOC,Vegetation,Industrial processes,Incr.Org.aerosol,Aerosol properties,职位说明书销售总监Title,Gas emissions leading to secondary aerosol,Dimethylsulfide,(DMS),SO,2,emissions from volcanoes,Industrial SO,2,emissions,Nitrogen oxides and ammonia,Volatile Organic compounds(VOC),职位说明书销售总监Title,DMS,(CH,3,),2,S,is the major one of biogenic gases emitted from sea,is produces during decomposition of,dimethyl,-,sulfonpropionate,(DMSP)from dying phytoplankton,mean residence time is about 1-2 days-most of S from DMS is also re-deposited in the ocean,only small fraction lost into the atmosphere,职位说明书销售总监Title,Dimethylsulfide,Recent global estimates of DMS flux from the oceans range from 8 to 51 Tg S a,-1,This is 50%of total natural S-emissions(presently nearly equivalent to anthropogenic emissions,76 Tg S a,-1,),-Differences in the transfer velocities in sea-to-air calculations,Uncertainties are due to:,-DMS seawater measurements(paucity of data in winter months and at high latitudes),职位说明书销售总监Title,DMS and Climate,DMS is emitted by phytoplankton as a natural biproduct of metabolism,Possibly related to radiation protection,Gives sea water its characteristic smell,Forms much of the natural aerosol(sub-micron particles)in oceanic air,DMS is the major biogenic gas emitted from sea and the major source of S to the atmosphere.It contributes to the sulfur burden in both the MBL and FT,.,职位说明书销售总监Title,Figure adapted from,Charlson et al.(1987),“Oceanic phytoplankton,atmospheric sulphur,cloud albedo and climate”,Nature,vol.326,pp.655-661,The CLAW Hypothesis,(Charlson,Lovelock,Andreae and Warren,1987),DMS from the ocean affects cloud properties and can feedback to the plankton community,This acts to regulate climate by increasing cloud albedo when sea-surface temperatures rise.,职位说明书销售总监Title,DMS oxidation,The atmospheric oxidation pathways that lead from DMS to ionic species(essentially sulfate and methanesulfonic acid,MSA,CH,3,SO,3,H)are complex and still poorly understood,The first step to sulfate is SO,2,SO,2,is largely dominant vs MSA,except at high latitudes(reasons unclear),MSA is unique for tracing marine biological activity,since it has no other source,职位说明书销售总监Title,About atmospheric SO,2,SO,2,has several sources:,either natural:marine MSA and volcanism,or anthropogenic:mining and fossil fuel burning,Its oxidation ways to SO,4,-,are still matter to investigation,in particular with the aid of S&O stable isotopes,This can occur either in the,gaseous,phase by OH radicals or in the,liquid,phase by O,3,or H,2,O,2,.,Generally gaseous phase process is dominant,except in regions of high sea salt concentrations,职位说明书销售总监Title,0%,50%,100%,Percent(%)change in concentrations(yearly average),Case A,:SO,2,/SO,4,2-,concentration without sea-salt chemistry,Case B,:With sea-salt chemistry,SO,2,(decrease),SO,4,2-,(small increase),Effect of sea-salt chemistry on SO,2,and SO,4,2-,concentrations,职位说明书销售总监Title,50%,0%,100%,Effect of sea-salt chemistry on gas-phase sulfate production rates,Mar/Apr/May,Jun/Jul/Aug,Sep/Oct/Nov,Dec/Jan/Feb,Percent(%)decrease(seasonal average):,职位说明书销售总监Title,Aqueous versus Gas Phase Oxidation,Biological regulation of the climate?,(Charlson,et al,.,1987),DMS,OH,NO,3,SO,2,H,2,SO,4,OH,New particle formation,CCN,H,2,O,2,Light scattering,Gas-phase,Aqueous-phase,Aqueous-phase,O,3,职位说明书销售总监Title,SO,2,emissions from volcanoes(1),Volcanoes are a major natural source of atmospheric S-species,Injections are generally occurring in the free troposphere,Most active volcanoes are in the Northern Hemisphere(80%),The strongest source region is the tropical belt,in particular Indonesia,Emissions are in the form of,SO,2,H,2,S and SO,4,-,职位说明书销售总监Title,SO,2,emissions from volcanoes(2),560 volcanoes over the world are potential SO,2,sources,but only a few have been measured,Volcanic activity is sporadic,with a few cataclysmic eruptions per century,Cataclysmic eruptions inject ash particles and gases(mainly SO,2,)into the stratosphere,where H,2,SO,4,formed forms a veil(Junge layer),职位说明书销售总监Title,Volcano locations,职位说明书销售总监Title,Continuously erupting volcanoes,职位说明书销售总监Title,Atmospheric impact of volcanoes,SO,2,relatively insoluble,resists tropospheric washout,Injected into the stratosphere in large