环境风险评估的原则

,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Principles of Environmental Risk Assessment,环境风险评估的原则,Jeff Wolt,杰夫.沃而特,Biosafety Institute for Genetically Modified Agricultural Products(BIGMAP),基因改良农作物安全研究所,Iowa State University,美国衣阿华州立大学,Sep 2006 2006,年九月,Terminology,术语,ERAFramework,环境,风,风险,评,评估,框,框架,ApplicationofERAtoGECrops,环境,风,风险,评,评估,在,在转,基,基因,农,农作,物,物中,的,的应,用,用,Planofpresentation,报告,计,计划,Risk,风险,Thejointconsiderationofexposureandtheconsequenceofexposure,同时,考,考虑暴露和暴露,的,的后,果,果,Risk=,f,(hazard,exposure),风险=,函,函数,(,危险,暴露),Thelikelihoodofharmto be manifestedunder realisticconditionsofexposure,危害的可能性,在,在暴露的实际条,件,件下得以,清,清楚地展,现,RiskAssessment,风险评估,Theuseof factual information to definetheeffectsofexposureofindividualsor populations to stressorsoractions,利用事实,信,信息定义,个,个人或群,体,体暴露于刺激或,者,者行为,的,的结果,after,RiskAssessmentin the Federal Government:ManagingtheProcess,NRC,1983,联邦政府,的,的风险评,估,估:管,理,理程序,NRC,1983,Theprocessusedtosystematically evaluateandorganizedata,information,assumptions,anduncertainties in orderto helpunderstand and predict the relationshipsbetweenstressors or actionsandecological effects in awaythatisuseful for environmentaldecision making,步骤用来,系,系统评估,和,和组织数,据,据,信,息,息,假,设,设和不确,定,定因子,利,利于帮助,理,理解和预,测,测刺激或,行,行为和生,态,态结果之,间,间的关系,这些对于,环,环境决策,是,是有用的.,Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment,RiskAssessmentForum,USEPA(1998)EPA/630/R-95/002F,生态风险,评,评估指导,风险,评,评估论坛,美,美国环,保,保局,(1998),环保局部/630/,R-95/002F,ERAis apart ofRisk Analysis,环境风险,评,评估是风,险,险分析的,一,一部分,links totherisk managementprocess,和风险决,策,策步骤联,系,系,followswellestablishedframeworks,在建立好,的,的框架之,后,后,setsoverallassessmentgoals,建立总体,评,评估目标,recursive,递归性的,proceedsintiers,阶梯性前,进,进,quantitativetothefullestextent possible,定量地达,到,到全面可,能,能性,Theriskassessmentprocess,风险评估,步,步骤,Riskassessmentlinks researchto riskmanagement,风险评估,是,是研究和,风,风险决策,的,的桥梁,Problem,Formulation,问题定义,Exposure&effects,Characterization,暴露和结果描述,Risk,Characterization,风险描述,Risk Management,风险控制,Risk Assessment,风险评估,DataAcquisition,Verification,&Monitoring,数据的获,得,得,证,明,明,和,监,监控,ERA,环境风险,评,评估,Ecological or Environmental?,生态还是,环,环境?,ThetermEnvironmental Risk Assessmentis common for GEcrops,环境风险,评,评估是转基因,农,农作物的,常,常用词汇,An outgrowthofthewidely recognized process ofEcological RiskAssessment,被广泛认,同,同的生态风险,评,评估所带来的,结,结果,ERA,环境风险,评,评估,“,theprocessthatevaluates the likelihood that adverse ecological effects may occuror are occurringasa resultofexposuretooneor morestressors or actions”,“,这是评,价,价暴露,于,于一个,或,或多个,刺,刺激,或,或者行,为,为后,负,面,面的生,态,态后果,的,的可能,性,性的过程”,Frameworkfor EcologicalRiskAssessment,Risk AssessmentForum,USEPA(1992)EPA/630/R-92/001,生态风,险,险评估,框,框架,风险评,估,估论坛,美,国,国环保,局,局部(1992),环,环保局/630/,R-92/00,Guidelines forEcological RiskAssessment,Risk AssessmentForum,USEPA(1998)EPA/630/R-95/002F,环保风,险,险评估,纲,纲要,风险评,估,估论坛,美,国,国环保,局,局部(1992),环,环保局/630/,R-92/00,Keys to RegulatorySuccess,管理成,功,功的关,键,键,UseanERA framework,利用环,境,境风险,评,评估的,框,框架,Flexibility,thecase-by-caseparadigm,灵活性-个,案,案不同,原,原则,Focus,useofproblem formulation to prioritizeconcerns,焦点-,利,利用,问,问题组,建,建有限,考,考虑焦,点,点,Emphasis,consequentialconcerns,重点-,对,对结果,的,的关注,Principles of ERAhave beendeveloped andinusefor about 25 years,环境风,险,险评估,的,的原则已经在,美,美国发,展,展和应,用,用了二,十,十五年,Frameworkapproach,框架的,形,形成,a hypotheticaldescriptionofa complexprocess,一个复,杂,杂过程的假设,性,性描述,a logicalprocessfororganizingcomplex information,一个组,织,织复杂,信,信息的,逻,逻辑过程,a roadmap,一个总,体,体的计,划,划,GoalsofERAFramework,环境风,险,险评估,结,结构的,目,目标,(,Bartenhouse,2006),develop aunifiedconceptual approach to environmentalassessment,发展一,个,个统一,概,概念性,方,方法来,评,评估环,境,境,facilitate cooperation/collaborationbetweenassessment-relateddisciplines,在评估,相,相关的,原,原则方,面,面帮助,建,建立合,作,作,increasetransparencyofriskassessmentstousers(riskmanagers),对风险,管,管理者,增,增加风,险,险评估,的,的透明,度,度,provide standardizedtools&techniques,提供统,一,一标准,的,的工具,和,和技术,dispelperceptionthat ecologicalriskassessment is impossible,推翻认,为,为环境,风,风险评,估,估不可,能,能的错,误,误观点,Theriskassessment process,风险评,估,估步骤,Hazard,Identification,危害的辨别,Measures of Effects,测量结果,Risk,Characterization,风险描述,Exposure,Assessment,暴露的评估,Problem Formulation,问题建立,Risk Conclusion,风险结论,ExposureCharacterization,暴露描,述,述,Effects Characterization,结果描,述,述,ERAfor GE crops,对转基,因,因农作,物,物的环,境,境风险,评,评估,isconsistent withthe frameworkforRA,和危险,评,评估的,框,框架是,一,一致的,however,complexitiesexistdue to,但是,还,还存,在,在着复,杂,杂性,因,因为,relatively recenttechnology,比较前,沿,沿的技,术,术,biological information is notfullyquantifiable,生物信,息,息没有,完,完全的,得,得到认,证,证,twoperspectives as to concerns,还要需,要,要考虑,的,的两方,面,面,effectofstressoronindividualsand populations,刺激对,个,个人和,群,群体的,影,影响,effectofdeploymentonpopulationsandcommunities,对群体,和,和社区,发,发展的,影,影响,General philosophytoward ERAforGEcrops,对转基因农,作,作物进行环,境,境风险评估,的,的一般性原,理,理,weight ofevidence basedon comprehensive evaluation ofdata,证据的权重,建,建立在对数,据,据的综合评,价,价上,proceed from generalunderstandingto specific entitiesof concern,从总体理解,到,到具体事例,的,的前进,support findings with quantitativedataand analyses tothefullest extentpossible,利用量化的,数,数据分析全,面,面各种可能,性,性,从而支,持,持新的发现,riskbased