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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语语法,主谓一致,*,主谓一致,Subject-verb Concord,“一致”（,concord,或,agreement,）指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。,“,主谓一致,”,指的是英语句子的谓语动词（,Predicate Verb),与其主语,(Subject),在数上必须保持一致。,*,2.1,指导原则,英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则,:,语法一致,原则,意义一致,原则和,就近原则,。,*,一,.,语法一致原则（,Grammatical Concord),主语和谓语通常是从语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采用复数形式。,*,（1）不可数名词，动名词，不定式，从句等作主语时，谓语通常用单数。,Much effort,is,wasted.,To eat well _(be)all he ask.,（2）不定代词,every,each,each one,each of,everybody,everything,many a+,名词,作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。,Many a ship,has,been damaged in the storm.,（常考）,is,*,(3),复数名词、代词作主语，谓语动词一般用复数形式,All the students _clever.,（,are,）,*,(4),如主语后面跟有,with,together with,as well as,as much as,no less than,more than,rather than,except,in addition to,等引导的短语，谓语动词取决于主语本身的形式。,His brother rather than his parents,is,to blame.,Bill,together with his sisters,was,hurt in the accident.,*,二,.,意义一致原则,（,Notional Concord,）,即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于主语所表达的内容在含义是单数意义还是复数意义。,如：,The crowd,were,running for their lives.,其主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词为复数。,*,三.,就近原则,（Principle of Proximity）,谓语动词该用单数还是复数形式，取决于最邻近它的名词、代词或其它词的数。,*,（,1,）谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词,or,eitheror,neithernor,not only,but also,等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。,如：,Either your students or Mr.Wang,knows,this.,比较：,Either Mr.Wang or your students,know,this.,*,（,2,）当主语表示确定数量的名词词组并由,“one in/one out of+,复数名词,”,构成，在正式语体中，动词用单数；在非正式语体中，动词也可按,“,就近原则,”,用复数。,One in ten students,has,failed the exam.,比较：,One in ten students,have,failed the exam.,*,2.2,以,-s,为结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题,（一）以,-s,结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题,如：,arthritis,:r,rats,（关节炎）,bronchitis,brkats,（肺炎）,measles,（麻疹）,diabetes,（糖尿病）,mumps,（腮腺炎）,phlebitis flbats,（静脉炎）,rickets,（软骨病）,这类以,-s,结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。例如：,measles usually occurs in children.,*,（二）以,-s,结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题,如,the United States,，,the Netherlands,，因其是单一政治实体，所以谓语动词用作单数。例如：,但如果是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。例如：,the Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant.,the Niagara falls are perhaps the most splendid waterfall in the world.,*,（三）以,-ics,结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题,某些以,-ics,结尾的学科名称作主语时，如,physics,mathematics,mechanics,politics statistics,economics,physics is a fundamental subject in science.the third world economics is promising.,*,（四）其它以,-s,结尾的名词的主谓一致问题,3),表示成双成套的名词，如：,chopsticks(,筷子,),compasses,clothes,glasses,jeans,scissors,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves,shorts,等，作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式；但如与,a kind of,a pair of,that pair of,a series of,连用，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：,two pairs of scissors are missing from my tool box.,the contents of the book are most amusing.,*,2.3,以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题,1),通常作复数的集体名词,集体名词，如：,police,people,cattle,（牛）,militia ml,（民兵组织）,poultry,（家禽）等,通常作复数，用复数动词,。如：,Domestic cattle(,家畜,),provide us with milk,beef and hides(,皮革,),.,*,2),通常作不可数名词的集体名词,有些集体名词，如,machinery mi:nri,（机器）,equipment,furniture,merchandise m:tndaiz,（商品、货物）,通常作不可数名词，随后的动词用单数,。,例如：,All the machinery in the factory is made in China.,*,3),既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词,A,、集体名词，如,team,group,crowd,audience,committee,（委员会）,class,crew,（全体工作人员，全体船员）,family,public,government,council(,议会、理事会）等，既可作单数，也可作复数用。,The city council is meeting to set its agenda,（日程）,.,*,练习：,The class _(consist)twenty-five boys and twenty)girls.,The class _(do)experiments.,*,B,、由两部分组成的物质名称，如,trousers,（裤子）,pants,（裤子）,jeans,compasses,（指南针）,glasses,shorts,（短裤）等做主语时，谓语用复数,These trousers _(need wash),Your glasses _ very nice.,*,4),当集体名词被以下量词短语修饰时，,A,：,a(the,this,that)kind/sort/type/form/portion,（份额）,/series/species of+,名词”或,“a pair of,a panel of(,一组）,a large amount of,a committee of/a board of,（一组）,+,名词”做主语，谓语用单数形式；,但“,these(those,all,many,some)kinds/sorts/types/forms/portions of,，,two pairs of,large amounts of,quantities of +,名词”做主语，谓语则用复数形式。,*,This kind of book is useful for us.,Many kinds of shoes are on sale in that shop.,A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.,*,3.1,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,并列结构作主语主要指主语由并列的名词或名词短语构成，此时主要有如下几种状况：,*,1.and,及,bothand,类,一般来说，两个单数主语用,and,连接起来，表示两个不同的人或物，动词用复数；但如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念，动词须用单数。,*,Her teacher and her friend,are,in the sitting-room.,她的老师和她的朋友都在客厅。,A smile and handshake,show,welcome.,微笑和握手表示欢迎。,Bread and butter,is,health food.,涂有黄油的面包是一种有益健康的食物。,The poet and writer,has,produced many works.,这个诗人兼作家写出了很多作品,Truth and honesty,is,the best policy.,真诚为上策。,*,结构,everyand every,eachand each,noand no,或,many aand,作主语时，动词用单数。,*,Every man and(every)woman,has,a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.,Each boy and each girl,has,been invited to the tea-party.,Many a man and woman in this community,finds,himself of herself in need.,*,2.notbut,not onlybut also,or,eitheror,neithernor,类,在由,notbut,not onlybut also,or,eitheror,neithernor,等连接的并列主语中，谓语动词应该和接近它的主语相一致。,*,Tom or you,are,to blame.,Was,he or you able to persuade her?,Not you but I,am,to blame for the mistake.,*,Not only I but also my parents,are,fond of travelling around.,Neither you nor I,am,fit for the work.,Are,neither you nor I fit for the work?,*,3.,主语,+as much as,等,当主语后面跟有由,as much as,rather than,more than,no less than,等引导
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