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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,IP,网络和,Internet,基础知识系列讲座(一),中盈优创资讯科技有限公司,研发中心 周世军,2005.10,日程,Internet,网络发展历史,IP,协议,路由,Internet,发展大事记,1969,美国国防部,Advanced Research Projects Agency,的,ARPANet,80,年代初,,ARPA,和美国国防部通信局研制成功用于异构网络的,TCP/IP,协议并投入使用;,1986年在美国,National Science Foundation,的支持下,用高速通信线路把 分布在各地的一些超级计算机连接起来,以,NFSNET,接替,ARPANET,,向公众开放。,到了90年代,随着电脑的普及、信息技术的发展,互联网迅速地商业化,以其独有的魅力和爆炸式的传播速度成为当今的热点。商业利用是互联网前进的发动机。,中国,Internet,发展大事记,1994,年4月20日,,NCFC,工程通过美国,Sprint,公司连入,Internet,的64,K,国际专线开通,实现了与,Internet,的全功能连接。从此我国被国际上正式承认为有,Internet,的国家。中国1994年重大科技成就之一。,1994年5月15日,中国科学院高能物理所设立了第一个,WEB,服务器,1995年1月,中国电信分别通过在北京、上海设立,的,Sprint,公司接入的64,K,专线接入,Internet,,并且通过电话网、,DDN,专线以及,X.25,网等方式向社会提供,Internet,接入服务。1996年1月,中国公用计算机互联网(,CHINANET),全国骨干网建成并正式开通,全国范围的公用计算机互联网络开始提供服务。1996年12月,中国公众多媒体通信网(169网)开始全面启动,广东视聆通、天府热线、上海热线作为首批站点正式开通。,1997年,中国公用计算机互联网(,CHINANET),实现了与中国其它三个互联网络即中国科技网(,CSTNET)、,中国教育和科研计算机网(,CERNET)、,中国金桥信息网(,CHINAGBN),的互连互通。,根据中国互联网络信息中心于今年,6,月,30,日发布的中国互联网络发展报告,我国上网用户总数为,1.03,亿人,和上年同期比增长,18.4%,。其中宽带上网人数首次超过了一半,达到,5300,万人,增长率为,23.8%,。我国网民数和宽带上网人数均仅次于美国,位居世界第二。,Internet,上业务应用发展情况,8090年代初,以电子邮件,、,WWW、FTP、BBS,等传统应用为主;,90年代,出现电子商务、,VOIP,等;,21世纪,更多的,实时宽带业务类型,如,IPTV,、,视频会议、语音电话、游戏、流媒体点播等。,Internet,意义,从通讯的角度来看,,Internet,是一个理想的信息交流媒介,:,从获得信息的角度来看,,Internet,是一个庞大的信息资源库;,从娱乐休闲的角度来看,,Internet,是一个花样众多的娱乐厅;,从经商的角度来看,,Internet,是一个即能省钱又能赚钱的场所,日程,Internet,网络发展历史,IP,协议,路由,IP,协议,IP,包头格式,IP,协议,动机,包(分组)交换网络中的系统互联。实现源与目标地址标识的节点间的数据包传送(路由),并在必要时进行分片和重组。,IP,本身不保证端到端可靠性,流控制,序列化,依赖上层服务提供,QoS,。,特性,无连接的,每个包与其他包没有关系。,IP,头的四个重要部分:,TOS、TTL、Options(,时间戳,安全,特殊路由,),和,CheckSum,。,IP,地址,结构,网络部分主机部分,Classful vs,Classless,Classful,Address,及问题,Classful,主要问题,1,Class B:too big;Class C:little small;,2 Route Table Size。,IP,地址将最终用光。,Classless Addressing、VLSM,把有类,地址切割为更有效的块,Subnet。,Subnet,表示为:,IP Network No,,NetworkMask,Example:,我们有一个,C:192.168.12.0/24,,现希望分配30个主机地址和一个,Serial Link。,现按/27分割该,C,,得到:,192.168.12.0/27,192.168.12.32/27,192.168.12.64/27,192.168.12.224/27等八个子网。从192.168.12.0/27再按/30分割,为:,192.168.12.0/30,192.168.12.4/30,192.168.12.8/30,192.168.12.28/30,CIDR(,Supernetting,)/route aggregation/longest match,日程,Internet,网络发展历史,IP,协议,路由,路由,IP,协议是无连接的,执行,Hop by Hop,转发。,每一跳需要根据路由表查找最近路由,确定下一跳路由器(或直接转发到指定子网)和输出,Interface。,路由表由路由协议来维护,路由协议的目标,Dynamically learn and fill the routing table with a route to all subnets in the network.,If more than one route to a subnet is available,place the best route in the routing table.,Notice when routes in the table are no longer valid,and remove those routes from the routing table.,If a route is removed from the routing table and another route through another neighboring router is available,add the route to the routing table.(Many people think of this goal and the previous one as a single goal.),Add new routes,or replace lost routes with the best currently available route,as quickly as possible.The time between losing the route and finding a working replacement route is called,convergence time,Prevent routing loops.,路由协议的分类按应用范围,类型:,IGP,vs,BGP,IGP,RIP V1,V2(VLSM),IGRP,EIGRP(VLSM),OSPF V1,V2,ISIS,BGP,BGPV4,MP-BGP,路由协议的分类按算法逻辑,Link state,拓扑数据库,包括,Router,Routers attached Link,Routers Neighbors,SPF(,Dijkstra,shortest path first,)算法,根据拓扑数据库选择最佳路由放入路由表,避免路由循环,保证快速收敛。,Examples:ISIS,OSPF,Distance Vector,Examples:RIP,IGRP,距离向量算法,距离向量算法特性,Directly connected subnets,are already known by the router;these routes are advertised.,Routing updates,are broadcast(or multicast)in many cases.,Routing updates,are listened for,so this router can learn new routes.,A,metric,describes each route in the update.The metric describes how good the route is;if multiple routes to the same subnet are learned,the lower is used.,Topology information,in routing updates include,at a minimum,the subnet and metric information.,Periodic updates,are expected to be received from neighboring routers.Failure to receive updates in a timely manner results in the removal of routes.,A,route,learned from a neighboring router is assumed to be through that router.,A,failed route,is advertised for a time,with a metric that implies the network is“infinite”distance.This route is considered unusable.,距离向量算法的问题,Multiple routes to same subnet,equal metric,:Implementation options of either using the first route learned or putting all routes in the routing table,Routing loops occurring due to updates passing each other over a single link,:,Split-horizon,Routing loops occurring due to updates passing each other in networks with redundancy,:,Poison Reverse,Counting to infinity,side effect of propagating transient bad routing information:,Holddown,timer,等价路由,水平分割(,if 162.11.7.0 failed),保持计数器,毒性翻转,Poison Reverse is another method to help avoid loops and speed convergence.When a distance vector routing protocol notices that a particular route is no longer valid,it has two choices.One is simply to quit advertising about that subnet;the other is to advertise that route,but with an infinite metric,signifying that the route is bad.Poison Reverse calls for the second of these options,which
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