汉译英：句子的翻译

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,句子的翻译,Contents,一、中英句法对比,在汉英翻译中，要牢记汉英语言之间的差异，记住英语是主语显著语言，英语句子构建在主谓轴上。因此，选择确定主谓语，是成功构句，保证译文与原文语义相符的关键。,汉语是语义型语言，注重“字”与语义及其相互关系，注重内容的意合。汉语的句法特征是：主语可以有诸多不同类别的词语充当，主语隐含不显或者无主句的情况经常可见；谓语的成分非常复杂，且不受主语支配，没有人称、数、时态的变化；句与句之间多无明显的逻辑关系的连接词。,中英句法对比,英语为语法型语言，重点研究主谓序列及其相关词类，句子结构受形式逻辑制约，注重形式的严谨。英语句法的特征是：主语突出，易于识别，由名词或名词性的词语担任；谓语绝对受主语的支配，在人称和数上面必须和主语保持一致，有人称、数、时态的变化；句与句之间多以明示逻辑关系的连接词相联。,二、主语的确定,1,以原句主语作译文主语,君子位尊而志恭，心小而道大。,The gentleman, though eminent in position, is respectful in mind; though his mind is small, his aspirations are great.,2,重新确定主语,世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。,The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.,宜于时通，利以处穷，礼信是也。,原文的主语是“礼信”，意思是“礼仪确实是既适宜于显达时立身处世，又有利于困厄中立身处世”。,It is indeed ritual principles that are suitable for conducting oneself in prosperity and useful for conducting oneself in adversity.,3,增补主语 ：两个原则必须遵循，一是要推敲语境；二是要考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要。,起大风了。,It blows hard.,不懂就是不懂，不要装懂。,When we dont know we neednt pretend to know.,怒不过夺，喜不过予。,解析：这里的“予”、“夺”引申为“奖赏”、“处罚”的意思，“过夺”、“过予”是“过分地夺去（处罚）、过分地给予（奖赏）”。译文中增补主语：,He does not over-punish people out of anger or over-reward them out of joy.,三、谓语的确定与谓语一致问题,1,谓语的确定应基于表意的需要,中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。,The economy of China will,merge into,the tide of the world economy.,The economy of China will,converge with,that of the world.,这事到了现在，还是时时记起。,Even now, this remains fresh in my memory.,Even now, I still often think about this.,三、谓语的确定与谓语一致问题,2,谓语的确定应基于构句的需要：主谓一致,河边枯柳树下的几株瘦削的一丈红，该是村女种的吧。,The few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered willows by the stream,must have been,planted by the country girls.,关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府给予了充分重视。,Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.,The municipal government has paid full attention to the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.,四、,1.,翻译中的主与次,汉译英首先必须分清主次，然后按照逻辑关系和时间顺序，充分利用英语的分词或介词短语以及主从句，对句子重新组合，以准确地表达原意。,(,一,),比较简短的汉语偏正句的翻译,在翻译中，先从逻辑上分清主次，而后按照英语的表达习惯适当加以处理。一般来说，为主的分句称为正句，通常表示结果,(,结论,),、本质、推论等，可译为英语的谓语部分或主句；而从属的分句是偏句，通常表示时间、地点、原因、条件、方法、状态、说明、否定、非本质等，可译为英语的非谓语动词短语或介词短语及从句等。例如：,持续下了几天雨，郊区的道路境况极坏。,The roads in the suburbs are very bad,。,owing to the continual rainy days,四、翻译中的主与次,(,二,),汉语流水句的翻译,流水句是一种无关联词的复句，其特点是“在非终句段出现句终语调，语义联系比较松散，句段之间难以补上关联词”,(,中译英技巧文集,第,282,页,),。这些句子有的着重动词，即多个动词连用，有的着重名词，即以名词为重点。例如：,紫鹃答应着，忙出来换了一个痰盆儿，将手里的这个盆儿放在桌子上，开了套间门出来，仍旧带上门，放下撒花软帘，出来叫醒雪雁。,(,红楼梦,),这是比较典型的流水句，事情逐一交代，层层铺开，如何英译呢,?,请比较下述两种译文：,译文,I,：,Zijuan,was answering and hurried out,。,to change a spittoon and put the spittoon in her hand on the table and opened the door of inner room to go out,，,still closed it,，,let down the flowered portiere and went to wake,Xueyan,译文,：,Zijuan,，,assenting,，,hurried out to fetch a clean spittoon,，,placing the used one on the table in the outer room,Having closed the door behind her,，,she let down the soft flower portiere before going to wake,Xueyan,(,摘自杨自俭“小议汉语几类句子的英译”,),四、翻译中的主与次,(,三,),多重复句的翻译,翻译时，首先分清复句的层次关系和意义关系，然后将主要层次译为句子的主干，将次要层次译为辅助成分或主干中某一分句的辅助成分。例如：,小男孩被他妈妈带走时，身上的小铃丁当作响，但他却没作声，尽管当时他并未做什么错事，而且因受到如此对待而感到十分委屈。,此句为转折复句，转折分句中又有转折复句,(,含有让步意味,),和递进复句，继而递进复句本身又是个因果关系句。,The little bell jingled as the boy was led off by his mother,，,but he said nothing,。,though he had done nothing wrong and even was very unhappy at being treated so,四、,2.,整体与局部,一个句子相对于其句法成分是整体，但对它所赖以存在的语篇来说却是部分。因此句子翻译需考虑如下主要因素：,(,一,),句子成分之间固有的能动关系，例如：,20,世纪最后,20,年，计算机技术获得迅速发展，这似乎给早在,60,年代就进入“冬天”的机器翻译研究注射了强心剂。,比较直接的译文可能是：,During the last two decades of the 20th century,，,the computer technology has mad rapid advances,This seems to have injected some stimulants to the research on machine translation that had a1,一,ready ushered in the “winter” early in the 1960s,四、,2.,整体与局部,(,二,),在同一语篇中，一个句子与其他句子的关系，例如：,(1),西安技术产权交易中心于,2000,年,12,月,14,日在西安高新技术工业开发区启动。,(2),该中心在西部堪称独此一家，别无分店；,(3),它是一条资金流通渠道，能促进高科企业的发展和国有企业结构的调整。,(4),同时，它还可以提供信息和服务，为高科成果交易提供场地。,该语篇是一个由四个独立的句子组成的整体。从局部出发，可对四个单独句子逐一翻译如下：,(1) Xian Technology Stock Exchange Center was officially put into operation in Xian High-Tech Industry Development Zone on December 14,，,2000,(2) It is the only such center in western China,(3) As a channel of capital circulation,it helps promote high-tech enterprises and structural readjustment in State-owned enterprises,(4) It also provides information,，,services,and a location for trade in high-tech products,四、,3.,句子的分译与合译,决定分译和合译的重要因素还取决于句中的各个成分之间意思上的关联，以及该句与上下文之间含义的连贯，同时还要符合英语的表达习惯。,(,一,),句子的分译,需要分译的句子，多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。分译会使原文内容层次分明，译文易于理解，更简洁。,第一，按内容层次分译。例如：,少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰时，要做学问也来不及了。,(,胡适,不要抛弃学问,),Youth will soon be gone never to return,And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years,(,Tr,Zhang,Peiji,),第二，从主语变换处分译。例如：,她隔窗望去，突然发现有只小船停泊在河边，船里有位船夫睡得正香。,Looking through the window,，,she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bank,In it there was a boatman fast asleep,四、,3.,句子的分译与合译,第三，从关联词,(,如转折,),处分译。例如：,声速随温度的升降会有轻微的增减，但不受气压的影响。,The speed 0f sound increases slightly with a rise in temperature and falls slightly with a decrease in temperature,It is not affected by the pressure of the air,第四，从意义完整、独立处分译。例如：,被观众鼓了几声掌就飘飘然，就忘乎所以，就选成了歌星，就坐飞机，就灌唱片，这简直是胡闹,!,是对灵魂的腐蚀。,(,常胜的歌手,),0nee one gets some applause,，,ones head will swell,And one will be treated like a star,，,given free plane trips and invited to have ones voice recorded everywhere,Its ridiculous! It is nothing but the corruption of the,mind!(Tr,Zhu,Botong,),四、,3.,句子的分译与合译,第五，原文出现总说或分述时要分译。例如：,不晓得季节与结婚有什么关系，但是从初冬到春天结婚的人数比其他季节多了很多，也许就是所谓的结婚季节吧。,Dont know what relation exists between the season and marriage,，,but the number of marriages is much greater from early winter to spring than in other seasons,Maybe this is the season of marriage people usually call.,第六，为了强调语气而采用分译。例如：,我们主张对我国神圣领土台湾实行和平统一，有关的政策，也是众所周知和不会改变的，并且正在深入全中华民族的心坎。,(,邓小平文选,第三卷,),We want peaceful reunification with Taiwan which is part of our sacred territory,Our p01icy in this regard is also known to all and will not change,The desire for peaceful reunification of the motherland is taking hold in the hearts of the entire Chinese nation,3.,句子的分译与合译,(,二,),汉语句子的合译,第一，在关联词处合译。例如：,挤到沙滩边，澌啵,!,队伍解散，喷着忿怒的白沫。然而后一排又赶着扑上来。,(,黄昏,),They crowded forward to break against the beach,Then their troop scattered,，,spraying angry white foam,，,while the file behind caught up and charged in its turn,(,Tr,Gladys Yang),3.,句子的分译与合译,第二，按内容连贯合译。例如：,他的眼睛疲倦地闭着，但是有时又忽然大睁开看看岸上的路，看看水面。没有什么动静。他含糊地哼了一声，又静下去了。,(,月夜,),His eyes were closed wearily,，,but once in a while he would open them suddenly and stare at the path along the shore,，,or look at the water,When he saw that nothing was stirring,he would mutter something to himself and again doze off,(,Tr,Sidney Shapiro),第三，从主语变换处合译，常出现主从句。例如：,萧丽帮我拿起电报，她的手在微微颤动着。,Xiao Li helped me to pick up the telegram,，,her hands slightly trembling,五、语序的调整,1,句内主要成分位置的调整。汉语中施事、行为、受事的语序比较自由，不象英语中那么固定，翻译的时候要根据英语表达的习惯进行调整。,沙发上坐着一个人。,A man was sitting on a couch.,早晨的公园里，遛鸟者时常可见。,Early in the park, we often see people walk with caged birds in hand.,佗用刀刮骨，悉悉有声。 （,三国演义,）,The knife made a thin, grating sound as it scraped the surface.,（,Moss Roberts,译）,五、语序的调整,2,状语位置的调整：汉语状语的位置一般在主语和谓语之间，即：主语,-,状语,-,谓语,-,宾语的模式，有的时候为了强调也放在主语前；英语的状语位置则比较灵活，翻译的时候需要调整。,我们明天上午九时动身。,We are going to start at nine tomorrow morning.,他细心地观察化学变化。,He observed (with great care) the chemical reaction with great care.,五、语序的调整,汉语中状语的排列方式基本上是按：时间,-,地点,-,方式,-,动词，而英语中则是：动词,-,方式,-,地点时间。汉语总的状语顺序是从大到小，英语则相反。,29,届奥运会将与今年,8,月在北京隆重开幕。,The 29th Olympic Games will be held ceremoniously in Beijing the August.,五、语序的调整,3,定语位置的调整：汉语的定语一般在中心词前，英语则视定语长度而定，可以在中心词的前面或者后面。,正月十五元宵夜，街上挂着,各式各样精巧,的灯笼。,On the evening of the Lantern Festival, the 15th of the first lunar month, exquisite lanterns,of diverse designs,are hung along the streets.,山东曲阜市中国古代著名的思想家、教育家孔子的故乡。,Qufu, Shandong Province, is the birthplace of Confucius,a well-renowned,ancient Chinese thinker and teacher.,六、各类句型的翻译,-1.,单句,汉语单句可分为主谓句和非主谓句。前者即通常所说的复部句，后者即通常所说的单部句。,一、复部句,复部句,(,主谓句,),是单句中最常见的句型。它对语境的依赖最小，因此比较容易翻译：它与英语基本句型大致上对应。当然，有时也要按照英语的语言习惯进行适当的处理。试译：,自己酿的苦酒自己饮。,One must drink as one brews,二、单部句,单部句就是由词或非主谓短语构成的句子，也叫非主谓句；包括名词非主谓句、动词非主谓句、形容词非主谓句和叹词非主谓句。此类句子常用于呼唤、口号、标语、敬语、应答语或对事物评价，表示某种情绪，以及说明自然现象、事实情况等。例如：,1,恭贺添丁,!,Congratulations on your new baby,2,欢迎光顾。,We should very much like to have your custom!,单部句虽然简单，要译好绝非易事，必须多推敲。,六、各类句型的翻译,-2.,复句,两个或两个以上的单句，在意义上彼此联系，在结构上互不包含，合起来构成的句子叫复句。复句又分为联合复句和偏正复句。,一、汉语复句在英译中的句法转换,(,一,),汉语复句译成英语的主从复合句。例如：,如果前怕狼后怕虎，就走不了路。,(,邓小平文选,第三卷,),We shall get nowhere if we are plagued by fears,(,二,),汉语复句译为英语的并列句。例如：,1,燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。,(,朱自清,匆匆,),Swallows may have gone,，,but there is a time of return,；,willow trees may have died back,，,but there is a time of,regreening,；,peach blossoms may have fallen,，,but they will bloom again,(,Tr,Zhu,Chunshen,),2,不自由，毋宁死。,Give me liberty or give me death,(,三,),汉语复句译成英语的简单句。例如：,即使是最好的厨师，有时也会做出不好的菜来。,The best cook sometimes makes bad dishes,六、各类句型的翻译,-2.,复 句,二、几类典型句式的英译处理,(,一,),意合句的英译,汉语的意合句充分体现了汉语重意合的句子特征，它由小句组成，用逗号分隔。英译时应首先弄清小句是何种语义关系，再按主次原则分别译成主从句，加上适当的关联词语使原文隐含的语义关系明确开来。例如：,小国人民敢于起来，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能够战胜大国的侵略。,The people Of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country,，,if only they dare to rise in struggle,，,dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country,(,二,),主题句的英译,汉语的主题句由“主题语”和“评论语”组成。英译时，评论语往往作为主句而前移。若评论较短，或者属于对话题性质的说明，也可以不前移而独立成句。例如：,我原来计划今年一月访问中国，后来不得不推迟，这使我感到很扫兴。,It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January,(,三,),流水句的英译,汉语“流水句”指一种特殊的无关联词语的复句，由一个个小句组成，以逗号间隔，小句有语义关系，但比较松散，重要部分往往放后面。这种句子英译时，一般可按原句顺序译成单句或并列分句，并适当增加表达语义关系的连接词语。例如：,不一会，北风小了，路上浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。,(,鲁迅,一件小事,),Presently the wind dropped a little,By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the roadway clear,and the rickshaw man quickened his pace,(,Tr,Yang,Xianyi,& Gladys Yang),(,四,),连动句的英译,汉语连动句的特点是许多动词连用，组成几个句段或句子。英译的关键是确定各个动作的性质与相互关系，从顺序排列中确定主次，进而形成英语句式的,SV,结构，让主要动作充当谓语动词，次要动作变成从属结构,(,分词、介词短语、从句,),。例如：,老关忙即跳下车去，摸摸腰间的勃郎宁，又向四下里瞥了一眼，就过去开了车门，站在门旁边。,(,子夜,),Old Guan quickly scrambled out of the car,，,placing his hand on the Browning at his side and glancing all round,Then he went round and opened the other door and stood holding it,六、各类句型的翻译,-2.,复句,第三节 汉语偏句的英译处理,一、包孕式偏句,指包孕式偏正复句中的偏句，它在其中起主语、宾语或表语作用，相当于英语中主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。有时需译成从句，有时不须译成从句。比如：,他俩能在地里找口粗茶淡饭，完全是靠丈夫起早贪黑的耕作。,It was only by the husbands incessant labor that they could draw a meager living from their land,二、状语性偏句,用来表示它和正句间的某种逻辑关系，或曰状语修饰关系，如：因果、比较、条件、目的、时空、让步等。偏句部分可译成英语从句，亦可译成英语介词短语或分词短语。例如：,走进他那又冷又暗的书房以后，他把提灯放在桌子上，又看起了那张纸条。,Going into his cold dark study he placed the lantern on the table and read the message again,三、定语性偏句,用以表示它和主句间的从属或限定关系，或曰定语修饰关系。偏句可译为英语定语从句、同位语从句或限定性短语。例如：,他们看见一群各自身后拖着一个雪橇的孩子们，在学校门口分散开来。,They saw a knot of boys with sleds behind them scattering at the school gate,六、各句型的翻译,-3.,主动句与被动句,一、汉语主动句的翻译,汉语多主动，英语多被动。汉语的主动句在很多情况下要转译成英语的被动句。,(,一,),强调受事，突出被动状态。例如：,“财神爷”这个词，不是我的用语，是农民的发明。,(,邓小平文选,第三卷,),That term “God of Wealth” was invented not by me but by the peasants,(,二,),因种种原因，不出现或无须说明施事者。例如：,现在不采取行动，鼓励研究和技术投资，新世纪将面临科学家的锐减。,The new millennium will see a steep drop in the number of scientists unless moves are made now to encourage greater investment in research and technology,(,三,),使句子结构匀称，文气连贯。例如：,他出现在台上，观众报以热烈的掌声。,He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience,(,四,),汉语中的某些习惯用语或泛指人称为主语的主动句。例如：,可以有把握地说，会议会如期召开的。,It may be safely said that the meeting will be held 0n schedule,六、各句型的翻译,-3.,主动句与被动句,(,五,),使语气委婉，措辞礼貌。例如：,请您不要在此处抽烟。,You are not supposed to smoke in here,(,六,),某些汉语句子可借助于英语的一些固定搭配或词组来表达。例如：,他天生适合做水手。,He is cut out for a sailor,(,七,),汉语中含有被动意义的主动句。,从形式上看是主动句，而含义却是被动的，多译为被动句。例如：,一点声音也听不到。,Not a sound was heard,(,八,),一种特殊类型的主动句,看上去也是主动句，但其谓语动词多为不及物动词和某些特殊用法的动词，如,deserve,、,require,、,want,、,need,等，例如：,这种食物不好消化。,The food wont digest well,六、各句型的翻译,-3.,主动句与被动句,二、汉语被动句的翻译,由于英语被动句的使用要比汉语频繁得多，所以汉语被动句译为英语时，较多采用被动语态。例如：,由于企业被统的太死，旧的经营机制成为阻碍经济进一步发展的羁绊。 ,The old enterprise system became an obstacle hindering further economic development because enterprises were subjected t0 rigid,(,一,),为了符合英语的表达习惯。例如：,他被这阵声音吓了一跳。,He started at the noise,(,二,),为了使上下文紧密连系，结构匀称，语势加强。例如：,“像义先生那样的好人，都要被他暗算,。你就忘了阿六的事,?,根生跟阿六的事并没有两样。”,(,月夜,),“Even a good man like,Mr,Yi,，,he wants to murderHave you forgotten,Ahliu,? His case and,Genshengs,are exactly the,same.(Tr,Sidney Shapiro),六、各句型的翻译,-4.,肯定句与否定句,对事物作出否定判断的句子叫否定句。汉语中的否定词有：“不、无、缶、没、未、勿、弗、非”等。汉语否定句有单重否定句和双重否定句两种。,英语的否定有词汇手段：否定词或前缀、后缀构成的词语 和句法手段,more than, instead of, would rather than, too to,等。,六、各句型的翻译,-4.,肯定句与否定句,一、汉语肯定句的翻译,通常，汉语的肯定句译成英语也是肯定句。例如：,太阳从树梢，从屋顶慢慢地爬下来，花在许多人家里开。,The sun stealthily climbed down from the treetops to roofs and then to the ground,In many little gardens flowers were in bloom,有时还可把肯定句翻译成否定句，如：,(,一,),汉、英两种语言的表达习惯不同。例如：,我很快就可以回老家了。,It will not be long before I go back to my home town,(,二,),语气的需要。例如：,有失才有得。,You cant make omelet without breaking eggs,(,三,),为了使原来隐含意义更加明确，更便于直接理解。例如：,在困难面前，他总是勇往直前。,He never flinched from any difficulties,(,四,),充分利用英语某些词语的特点，使译文更精当。例如：,在白天看来，它们就平凡得很。,By daylight,，,they were nothing out of the common,六、各句型的翻译,-4.,肯定句与否定句,二、汉语否定句的翻译,(,一,),汉语否定句英译为否定句,这类句子可划分为全部否定、部分否定和双重否定。例如：,别想把我差来遣去。,Dont try to come it over me,(,二,),汉语的否定句英译成肯定句： ,第一，汉语的否定词在句中无否定意义。例如：,这块地里的麦子长得不大离儿。,The wheat on this field is pretty good,第二，使语气委婉而含蓄。例如：,谁没有个三灾六难的。,There is a crook in the lot of every one,第三，英语有更简练而恰当的表达法。例如：,人不可貌相。,Beauty is but skin deep,第四，把原文隐含的意思明了化。例如：,我不是在测字算命，我只是觉得这么做后果不妙。,I am not a sooth,sayer,，,but I only think the worst of the problem is behind us,六、各句型的翻译,-5.,省略句与无主句,一、省略句的翻译,(,一,),汉、英省略部分基本相同。例如：,世界一流的设备，高效的服务。,World facilities and efficient service,(,二,),汉语省略，英语补充。例如：,这上头，半轮火红的夕阳,!(,黄昏,),Above this was half a fiery red setting sun,(,Tr,Gladys Yang),(,三,),汉语不省略，英译时则省去有关部分。例如：,空气比以前加倍闷,!,那幔比以前加倍厚,!,天加倍黑,!(,雷雨前,),The air was now twice as stifling,The curtain was twice as dense and dark as before,(,Tr,Gladys Yang),六、各句型的翻译,-5.,省略句与无主句,二、汉语无主句的翻译,(,一,),动宾结构的无主句可译为被动语态。例如：,没有爱心，就无法了解人生。,Life cannot be understood without much charity,(,二,),采用英语的存在句来译。例如：,要发展就要变，不变就不会发展。,Development means change,；,without change,，,there can be no development,(,三,),采用英语的倒装句来译。例如：,远处传来悲壮的笳声。,In the distance sounded a solemn,，,stirring reed flute,(,四,),采用英语的祈使句。例如：,量体裁衣，看菜吃饭。,Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes,六、各句型的翻译,-5.,省略句与无主句,(,五,),采用英语的形式主语。例如：,要解决问题，还须作系统而周密的调查工作和研究工作。,In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study,(,六,),补出主语。主语多是泛指代词或名词。例如：,只准州官放火，不准百姓点灯。,One man may steal a horse,，,while another may not look over the hedge,(,七,),如果以上方法都不妥，就要具体问题具体对待。例如：,聪明一世，糊涂一时。,Smart as a rule,，,but this time a f001,七、时与式,一、借助于词汇手段表示时态的句子,(,一,),译成过去时：,第一，通常带有“过去”、“以前”、“了”、“过”等词语的句子可译为一般过去时。例如：,从前没有电视，他总是在晚饭后和家人聊天。,He always had a chat with his family after dinner when there was no TV set,第二，如果汉语句子出现前后两个动作，其中一个动作通常用“已经”、“早已”时，就用过去完成体来翻译。例如：,我们赶到机场时，班机已经起飞了。,By the time we got to the airport,our plane had already taken off,七、时与式,第三，如果前后两个动作中一个出现了“要”、 “准备”、“将”等词语时，就该使用过去将来时。例如：,我到达会议厅时，主持人正要讲话。,I entered the meeting hall when the chairman was going to give a speech,第四，前后两个动作，其中一个动作出现了“一直都”、“着”或“正在”等时，用过去完成进行体最为合适。例如：,小姑娘被救时，嘴里一直喊着“林林”这个名字。,The girl had been calling “,Linlin,” before she was rescued,第五，如果句中有“过去常常”或“以往总是”时，就要用习惯过去时。例如：,澳门原来是一个岛，与大陆并不连接。,Macao used to be an island separate from the mainland,七、时与式,(,二,),译成将来时,第一，这类句子，不管是一般将来，还是过去将来，最突出的特点就是通常带有“会”、“就”、“将”、“要”、“马上”、“以后”等词语。例如：,看那灿烂的落日，明天会是好天气。,Look at the wonderful setting sun,It will be fine tomorrow,第二，疑问句中出现了“可以吗,?”,、“应该,?”,、“要,吗,?”,等词语可翻译成将来时，但这时的将来时往往带有很强的意志、意愿。例如：,我可以带他来吗,?,Shall he come with me?,第三，如果表示计划，可用“,to be to do”,这种形式。例如：,我们本要在上月去昆明观光，但是他改变了主意。,He was to go on a tour round Kunming with us last month,，,but he changed his mind,七、时与式,(,三,),译成现在时,第一，带有“经常”、“通常”、“每天”等表示频率的词语的，可译为一般现在时。例如：,她常常聚精会神斟词酌句，言谈如出一辙。,She often pays close attention to nuance and shading and her rhetoric rarely varies,第二，描绘历史事件，表示过去；说明真理，表示永恒；叙述将来，表示近期一定会发生的事，皆可用一般现在时，尽管句中会出现某一时态标志。例如：,水的沸点是,100,摄氏度。,Water boils at 100,七、时与式,第三，句子出现“曾”、“已”或“了”，“过”等动态助词以及“一直”等词语时，根据上下文判断该句是否处于现在时环境中或该句动作是否对现在有影响，如果是，就可以译为现在完成体。例如：,我给你说了多少遍，可你就是不听。,I have told you that many times,，,but you never listen to me,第四，带有“正在”、“着”的句子可译为现在进行体。例如：,游行的人手拿鲜花和彩旗正行进在街道上。,The,paraders,are marching in the street,。,carrying flowers and banners in their hands,七、时与式,二、没有明显时态标志句子的翻译,根据上下文，具体分析动作顺序来确定用何时态进行翻译。例如：,有人说自信心是成就伟大事业的基础。整个下午我一直在想这个问题，这是对的。我发现许多人因为缺乏自信心而不能了解自己的潜力。这实在是憾事。,Selfconfidence,。,someone said,，,is the foundation of doing great things,I have been thinking about this the whole afternoon,I guess its true,I find that so many people fail t0 realize their potential,This is such a pity,三、汉语的式的英译处理,（一）对应法，即原文什么句式，译文什么句式。例如：,他低下头，浸入飘渺的沉思中。,He lowered his head,，,sunk in dream,(,二,),句式转换：,通过转换句式，使原文意义更加直接明了地表达出来。例如：,一言既出，驷马难追。,One word once spoken,，,who can recapture it?,八、句子基本译法综述,一、句型对应法,原文什么句型，译文什么句型。例如：,他们像迷失的羔羊一样背离了正道。,They have erred from the right path like lost sheep,二、改译法,改变原文某句子成分的词类，以符合英语的表达习惯。例如：,体育竞争意识十分强烈，因此有些赛事，特别是职业足球赛，常常以失利一方的支持者挑起争斗告终。,The idea of competition is so strong that very often some sports events,，,especially football matches,，,end up in fight that are provoked by the supporters of the losing side,八、句子基本译法综述,三、扩充法,(,一,),语法形式的扩充，包括补充汉语不常用的连词和介词以及汉语语言没有的冠词和系词，有时还要补出主语或者利用形式主语及形式宾语。例如：,中国正在发生日新月异的变化。,China crackles with the dynamics of change,(,二,),语义表达的补充，是指补充汉语文化所独有的，不易为外国人所理解的事物，多采用加解释性文字的方法。例如：,这人真是杞人忧天。,He is really like the man of,Qi,who was haunted by the fear that the sky might fallunnecessary anxiety,八、句子基本译法综述,四、缩省法,(,一,),省去汉语的主语,(,多见于谚语、俗语等,),、语气助词、连词,(,多见于文言文,),。例如：,人非圣贤，孰能无过。过而能改，善莫大焉。,To err is human and to mend is a supreme merit,(,二,),汉语叠字和复句的缩略。例如：,安安静静地坐在那儿。,Sit there quiet,，,please,(,三,),名词由代词代替，动词由,do,代替。例如：,他穿白衬衣比穿蓝衬衣好看。,He looks more handsome in a white shirt than in a blue one,八、句子基本译法综述,(,四,),英译多个重复的动词或名词时，为避免重复，只使用一次该动词和名词。例如： 。,我们不后退，我们不曾后退，我们永远也不后退。,We dont retreat,we never have and never will,(,五,),某些英语词的词义大于汉语词的词义，英译时，可略去部分内容。例如：,我在洗耳恭听。,Im an ears to you,(,六,),某些句型英译时省去原主语，已是习惯处理方法了。例如：,大家都知道他和上司的关系很好。,It is known that he gets along quite well with his superior,八、句子基本译法综述,五、语序调整法,(,一,),英译时，某些句子的倒装处理。例如：,在库房的角落里散放着几只汽油桶。,Lying about in the corner of the storage room are several gasoline tanks,(,二,),汉、英句子状语位置的不同及表达习惯的差异，英语后置定语的运用，形式主语,(,或宾语,),的位置以及外位语位置的调整。例如；,我把这事原原本本地告诉了他。,True to type I told him this matter,(,三,),某些短语的表达习惯不同。例如：,不管晴天还是下雨，比赛准时进行。,Rain or shine,，,the match will go on time,(,四,),对整个句子语序的调整。例如：,他忽然想起了一个好主意。,A great idea occurred to him suddenly,八、句子基本译法综述,六、反译法,通常所说的“正说”和“反说”，在翻译中称之为“反译法”。请看例句：,好好看着这些孩子，让他们规规矩矩的。,Watch the children,，,to see that none of them will get out of line.,七、分译与合译,(,一,),分译 ”,父亲毕竟比她多吃了几年成盐，她男朋友是什么样的人，他一看就知道。,After all,。,Father is worldlywise,He is able to tell at a glance whether his daughter has got a boyfriend of character,(,二,),合译,助之长者，揠苗者也。,(,孟子,),They who assist it to grow long pull out their corn shoots,(,Tr,James,Legge,),八、句子基本译法综述,八、语态转换法,遵循汉、英两种语言的表达习惯，为使行文通顺、连贯，需改变原文的语态。例如：,抱歉，咖啡都卖完了。,Im sorry,，,we are sold out of coffee,九、注意选词,译者切忌望文生义、硬译、死译。例如：,A,别泡蘑菇了，快干活吧。,Dont waste t