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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,医学科学研究概述,医学科学研究概述,GRADE A PASTEURIZED HOMOGE,VITAMINDMIL,Figure 1.3,The growth of Knowledge,James D.Watson and Francis w.Crick are theoretical scientists who,Figure 1.5,1953,determined the structure of the dNa molecule,which,contains the genetic information of a cell.This photograph shows Louis Pasteur and Pasteurized Milk,the model of DNA they constructed.The discovery of the structure Louis Pasteur(1822-1895)performed many experiments while he,of the DNA molecule was followed by much research into how the studied the question of the origin of life,one of which led directly to,molecule codes information,how it makes copies of itself,and how the food-preservation method now known as pasteurization,the information is put into action.,figure 1.7,Nine out of Ten Doctors Surveyed Recommend Brand X,It is bvious that there are many things wrong with this statement,First of all,is the person in the white coat a physician?Second,if only,Figure 1.4,10 doctors were asked,the sample size is too small.Third,only,selected doctors might have been asked to participate.Finally,the,question could have been asked in such a way as to obtain the,desired answer:Would you recommend brand X over Dr.Petes,the mixture in the vat,snake oil?o,科学的定义与特征,么是科学,分科的专门知识,是运用系统的方法处理问题,发现,事实变化的真相,探求其原理原则,的学问,映自然、社会、思维的客观规律,的利的知识体系河,个要项,(1)问题是科学研究的对象,(2)方法是科学研究的手段,(3)目的是科学研究的目标,科学研究的特征,是从科学方法上表现出来的,采用的工具,实施的程序,资料的分析,结果的呈现,测体温,科学方法的特征,(1)客观性 objectivity,(2)验证性,veritication,(3)系统性 systematization,采用的工具;实施的程序;资料的分,结果的呈现(汤默),科学的有限性,手段,重复,系统,Earth,Earth,stationary,Scientists thought that the Sun revolved around the Earth.We now know that the Earth rotates on its axis and also revolves around the Sun,Figure 1.8,Science Must Be Willing to Challenge Previous Beliefs,Science always must be aware that new discoveries may force a reinterpretation of previously held beliefs.Early scientists thought that the Sur,revolved around the Earth in a dockwise direction.This was certainly a reasonable theory at the time.Subsequently,we have learned that the,Earth revolves around the Sun in a counterclockwise direction,at the same time rotating on its axis in a counterclockwise direction.This,rotation of the Earth on its axis gives us the impression that the Sun is moving.,科学目的:,发现问题;认识真相;探求原理原,则;控制、解决问题;,就是创造知识和整理知识;,本质特征是创造性与非重复性,31,、只有永远躺在泥坑里的人，才不会再掉进坑里。,黑格尔,32,、希望的灯一旦熄灭，生活刹那间变成了一片黑暗。,普列姆昌德,33,、希望是人生的乳母。,科策布,34,、形成天才的决定因素应该是勤奋。,郭沫若,35,、学到很多东西的诀窍，就是一下子不要学很多。,洛克,
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