unit3 Grammar

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Grammar,Subject-Verb Agreement,主谓一致的定义,1.,主谓一致是指谓语在人称和数上必须和主语的人称和数保持一致。,这是英语语法中必须遵循的基本规则，也是英语和汉语区别很大的地方。,2.,作主语名词单复数与谓语动词单复数不同。,主谓一致,3.,主语复数（名词,+,s/es,；第三人称代词复数；一人称单复数）,-,谓语复数（动词原形不加,s/es,）,4.,主语单数（名词单数；第三人称代词）谓语单数（动词原形,+,s/es,）。,就近一致原则,谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语。,1.,由,or,nor,either.or,neither.nor,not,only.but also,连接的并列结构作主语，随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。,You or she,is,good at English.,2.,以,here,there,开头的句子，谓语动词的单复数形式看后面的主语而定，如果主语不止一个，谓语动词于最近的主语保持一致。,Here,is,some bread.,There,is a,pen and three pencils on the desk.,就远一致原则,主语后紧跟,as well as,with,along with,like,together with,rather than,except,but,including,besides,in addition to,等时谓语动词要与句子的主语保持一致。,Read the following sentences,paying special attention to the,coloured,parts.,1.Joes new,trousers,are,black and white.,2.The,family,go,shopping at weekends together.,3.,To eat,well,is,all he asks.,4.,Physics,is,an important subject in the middle,school.,Studying the rule,5.,Playing tennis,is,very good exercise.,6.There,are,many people,on the street at,weekends.,7.,What caused this accident,is,a mystery.,8.The,merchandise,has,arrived undamaged.,9.The,glasses,are,not enough for him to see,that object in the distance.,10.The,family,goes,to the church every Sunday.,Subject,Verb,Examples,noun ending in-s or-,es,plural form,trousers,glasses,shoes,goods,clothes,noun ending in-,ics,or-s,_ form,physics,politics,mathematics,the United States,Finding the rule,singular,Subject,Verb,Examples,the infinite,the-,ing,form,the clause,_,form,trousers,glasses,shoes,goods,clothes,the collective noun plural in meaning,_ form,police,people,singular,plural,Subject,Verb,Examples,the uncountable collective noun,_,form,mankind,humanity,furniture,merchandise,the countable/uncountable collective noun,plural/singular form(agree with the notion it expresses),family,class,crowd,audience,committee,government,public,singular,1.,一些以,-,ics,结尾的学科名词如,politics,，,mathematics,physics,mechanics,economics,等,形式上是复数，实际上却为不可数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词常用单数形式。,e.g.I dont think politics,is,easy to study.,我认为政治难学。,主谓一致,2.,若主语是书名、影片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等，作为一个单一的概念，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。,e.g.The United States,is,smaller than China.,美国比中国小。,War and Peace,is,the longest book Ive read.,战争与和平,是我读过的最长的书。,3.,表示单一概念的动名词、不定式或句子,作主语时，谓语动词用单数。,e.g.When and where to go for the holiday,has not been,decided yet.,注意,:,主语为,what,引导的主语从句时,谓语动词应与从句所指代的内容的单复念一致。,e.g.What he says(,他所说的,),is,not important.,What I want(,我所需要的,),are,details.,4.trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,scissors(,剪刀,),等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有,a(the)pair of,等量词修饰时,(clothes,被,a suit of,修饰,),谓语动词用单数。,e.g.The pair of shoes under the bed,is,his.,床下面的那双鞋子是他的。,The two pairs of trousers,are,broken.,两条裤子都破了。,5.,有些集合名词如,crowd,family,team,group,government,committee,class,school,union,firm,staff,public,等，它们作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们是作为一个集体单位，谓语动词用单数形式，如果是就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语动词用复数形式。,e.g.,My family,was,here two years ago.,两年前，我家就搬到这儿了。,My family,aren,t,enjoying music.,我们家人都不喜欢音乐,。,The team,is,the best in the league.,这个队在联赛中打得最好。,The football team,are,having baths.,足球队队员们在洗澡。,【,注意,】,有时没有特定的语境，用单复数谓语均可,:,e.g.The audience,was(were),very excited,by the show.,观众对演出甚感激动。,The public,has(have),a right to know,whats in the report.,公众有权知道这篇报告的内容。,6.,有些表示总称意义的名词，如,people,police,militia(,民兵,),cattle,poultry(,家禽,),vermin(,害虫,),等，形式上是单数，而意义上是复数，谓语动词要用复数形式。,e.g.Cattle,were,allowed to graze on the village,common.,The police,are,searching for a tall dark,man with a beard.,7.,有些集合名词，如,mankind,humanity,merchandise,clothing,poetry,baggage/,luggage,furniture,machinery,scenery,jewellery,equipment(,设备,),等，,通常只用,作不可数名词，表示单数意义，用作主,语时，其后谓语动词用单数形式：,e.g.Our clothing,protects,us from against,the cold.,我们的衣服可以御寒。,All the machinery in the factory,is,made,in China.,这个工厂所有的机器都是中国产的。,All their baggage,was,stolen.,他们所有的行李都被偷了。,The furniture,is,convenient to move.,这家具搬起来很方便。,8.there be,句型中，,be,动词的单复数取决于,其后的主语。如果其后是由,and,连接的两,个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。,e.g.There,are,two chairs and a desk in the,room.,房间里有两把椅子和一张桌子。,There,is,a desk and two chairs in the room.,房间里有一张桌子和两把椅子。,Applying the rule,Choose the right word to complete each of the following sentences.,1.Where _(is,are)the shoes?,2.At the bottom of the hill there _,(is,are)a dangerous crossroads.,3.The New York Times _(is,are),published daily.,are,is,is,4.The United Nations _(was,were),formed in San Francisco in 1945.,5.Politics _(are,is)the art or,science of government.,6.Playing cards _(are,is)a,favourite,of young people.,was,is,is,7.The family _(is,are)a happy one.,8.The class _(is,are)taking notes,_(its,their)pens scribbling,quickly over _(its,their)exercise,books.,is,are,their,their,Read the following sentences and correct the mistakes if any.,1.The public were convinced of his,innocence.,2.The government has discussed the,matter for a long time but there have,been no signs of reaching an agreement.,have,discussed the,3.The football team are being reorganized.,4.Physics are the fundamental subject of,science.,5.The United States are a country of people,with varied origins.