《翻译实践教案》PPT课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,翻译实践,Pragmatic Translation,常 亮,Carl Chang,(1-9)（公邮）,English College,英语学院,2011/09,?,教师简介(to translate?),常亮：副教授，87年川外硕士毕业；93-94年美国访问学者，94年四川省优秀青年骨干教师， 95-04年英语系副主任，04年日本高校管理研习，05年日本修读“中日英语比较”博士；主担课程有：词汇学、文体学、翻译；发表有： “中国英语教学：教什么、如何教”, “从-er看英语的构词和词汇”，“语法正确与地道英语” ，“试论英语词汇系统的构成”， “虚实词分类质疑”， “试析克林顿北大演讲风格”， “非谓语表探”， “英语的形素及形素系统”， “当今美语时尚浅析” ，“我看词的定义”， “关于英语的偏离否定”。,The teacher (翻译?),Funny/interesting:,official,names: A. B.; Voc; Funny Chang; Jiaozi Chang; etc.,Other experiences: publish or perish?,Strict: attendance; (,critical,) thinking + hard practice,Acting and Helping; to be helped,Creative/original,Personal guiding,教学目标及教学要求,本课程的目的在于强化学生笔头翻译的能力。教学的主要任务是比较深入地认识实用文体、及新闻、商务、文学等文体的特点、以及其翻译方法，辅以八级考试翻译部分（含英汉、汉英）的真题训练,使学生掌握基本的文体翻译策略。通过翻译各类文体的英语和中文短文，进一步对汉英两种语言进行对比，认识两种语言的特点，掌握英汉翻译的基本理论，提高英汉词语、长句及各种文体的翻译,技巧,和英汉互译的能力。要求译文比较准确、流畅（,地道,）、,得体,，翻译速度达到每小时300-350字，为毕业后胜任一般性的政治、经济、文化、科技等翻译工作打下较为坚实的基础。,教学内容及学时分配,见W文档(,教学大纲,),textbooks,1方梦之，毛忠明 英汉-汉英应用翻译综 合教程，上海外语教育出版社，2005年；,2自编笔译实践材料；,references,华先发，邵毅 英汉与汉英翻译教程，上海教育出版社，2005,孙致礼，新编英汉翻译教程，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2003,郭著章，李庆生，英汉互译实用教程，武汉：武汉大学出版社，1996,王治奎等，大学英汉翻译教程，山东大学出版社，1995,刘宓庆，文体与翻译，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1998,秦秀白，英语语体和文体要略，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002,张春柏主编，英汉汉英翻译教程，北京：高等教育出版社， 2003,杨莉藜编著，英汉互译教程上、下册，河南大学出版社，1993,程瑜蓉编著，广告英语导航，合肥：中国科技大学出版社，2003,王学文等，经贸口译教程中国对外经济贸易出版社1993,付美榕主编，商务英语时文精选，北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社，2003,冯庆华，实用翻译教程，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997,毛荣贵，英译汉技巧新编，北京：外文出版社，2003,刘宓庆，英汉翻译技能训练手册，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1987,王治奎等，大学英汉翻译教程，济南：山东大学出版社，1995,英语世界英语沙龙英语学习海外英语中国翻译,Readers Digest,National Geographic,Times,知识面网站,http:/,;,http:/,;,http:/,；,http:/,； ;,/ 中国译协网,ways,见W文档,译者的修养,常玉田学习法,要求,Much translation work 练习；,知识面：语言、自然、社会；逻辑；,Group work;,成绩：平时40%+期末考试60%;,考试：,:英译汉；:汉译英；,评分：忠实（正确）60%+通顺（流畅） 40% （8级例外）,Course Policy,Regular attendance: 5-score minus for each absence,Class participation award: 2-5 scores for class contribution,Scores: final exam 60% + regular 40%,Home exercises (exercise book; -plagiarism),Group work,总论（Ch 1）,教材1-11页,Definition of translation,奈达说：“所谓翻译，是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息” ；目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文化进步，任务是要把原作品中包含的现实世界的逻辑映象或艺术映象完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中去 。,Translate or use?,To be able to communicate in English does not mean to be able to translate it.,To translate is to interpret the target in another / translation language.,To interpret is to understand / comprehend the meaning (in all its senses, inc styles).,To understand is to apply all your knowledge (of the nature, life, the 2 languages).,上外姚锦清/标准的灵活性,翻译不应有标准（联合国、世博会无“达雅”，是技术，无个性，是team work with terms，要accuracy/consistency （constitution; Chinese）；要有专业知识逻辑思维；是行业标准，是译文目的之上，要优化；要对应文体；文学翻译是艺术，要再创造，不能“信”）；,（不要用罗马字说汉语： “餐馆” “translation system error” ；小心地滑; 对公业务for male business; 公厕male bathroom;投诉throw and tell；贵阳expensive sun; ）,翻译活动研究、教学、实践；因对象文本不同，需艺术、技术间断转换；,翻译的过程,理解,表达,校核,翻译的基本技巧,加注/释义:,增词/减词:,转换/归化:,切分/合并:,翻译史速览,见W文档,中国翻译史速览,西方翻译史速览,汉英语言对比,见W文档：,汉英语言对比；英中语言、思维、文化对比及对翻译的影响；汉英语在发展中的特点及其对比；英语简史；汉语简史等,词、句转拆翻译,见word文档：,“不折腾;花哨;生活多姿多彩;当心头顶”,+译技,练习1: 英语数字,a drop in the ocean,within a stones throw,kill two birds with one stone,at sixes and sevens,on second thoughts,by ones and twos,Two heads are better than one.,One mans meat is another mans poison.,Ill love you three score and ten.,Ten to one he has forgotten it.,His mark in math is second to none in the class.,She is a second Lei Feng.,The production has increased four times as against 2002.,Aluminum is almost more than three times as light as copper.,The resistance is reduced by a factor of 5.,练习1: 汉语数字,二十左右,一千以下,将近一百,华氏32度以上,八百到九百,三三两两,好几十,几万,数亿,数英里,练习1: 数字翻译,我已经警告你多少遍了 。,那个工作台长10英尺，宽5英尺 ；最大旋转角度是120度 。,这台新发动机的容积为4.3升，转速为每分钟4400转，时输出功率是153千瓦。,选举名单上有203817个投票人；近3万个投票人参加了这次选举。,大学课堂的传统的教学方式是，一个教授和二三十名学生每周见面两三次，每次授课时间45到50分钟。,爱词霸reference,Ive warned you many times.,the workbench is ten feet wide and five feet ； maximum rotation angle is 120.,the new engine has a capacity of 4.3 litres, as per minute 4400, when a power kilowatts.,the list of voters 203817 ； nearly 30,000 a voters took part in this election.,a class of the traditional teaching method, a professor and 20 or 30 students to meet every two or three times a week, as time is 45 minutes. 50,应用文体与翻译（Ch 2）,教材13-20页,其他语篇的翻译（Ch 12）,教材269-280,Word 文档：,热气球商业飞行及旅游项目的申请报告,潘莹文凭,Dear Jiaying Wu ,A Notice to Consumers (U.S. Postal Service),Packing and Mailing Parcels. Failure to pack and mark packages adequately is a major source of parcel damage and loss. You should use a container strong enough to prevent damage from handling, transportation, and compression. Cushion the content to make sure it does not move within the container, and use pressure sensitive filament or reinforcement of flaps and seams. Avoid using paper wrappers on fiberboard containers.,Be sure the address is clear and shown on one side only. Repeat address information inside the package.,Passing Procedures,When you decide there is sufficient clear road ahead to permit safe passing you should do the following:, Look for signs and pavement marking. Many toads have signs and lane markings that tell you when you can or cannot pass safely under normal driving conditions., Look ahead carefully before you start to pass. Check for any hazards in the passing area., Look in your side and rear-view mirrors. Make sure there are no vehicles about to pass you when you start your move left to pass., Before passing, give the proper turn signal to show youre going to move into another lane. Signal early enough so others will know your intentions in advance., After passing, signal that you intend to return to your lane., Return to the proper lane as soon as possible after passing., Make sure you can see the front of the vehicle you passed in your rear-view mirror before cutting back into the lane.,应用文翻译,重庆特种电机厂隶属于重庆机电控股（集团）公司，是原国家机械工业部在中国西南、西北地区的重点企业，专门生产冶金、起重用电机、防爆电机的国有全资企业。该企业生产电机已有50年的历史，曾先后荣获“重庆先进管理单位”、“重庆市文明单位”、“省级先进单位”、“ 四川省文明单位”、“四川省500强企业”、“中国电气机械及器材制造500强企业”等称号。,续,企业下设电机制造分厂，冲剪车间，工具机修车间，特种电机研究所、特种电机试验站和6个综合管理科室。企业占地5.74万平方米，其中生产占地3.95万平方米，总建筑面积6.6万平方米，其中生产建筑面积3.15万平方米。企业现有职工1008人，其中工程师、技术及管理人员141人，大中专以上文化程度占全厂人数25.6%。企业拥有资产总额6.5千万元，固定资产净值2.607千万元。企业产品开发实力雄厚，检验检测设备齐全、先进，近年来，开发了一批具有国内外先进水平的高新技术产品，有些还填补了国内特种电机行业的空白，年生产特种电机能力为32万千瓦。,续,企业产品分为4个主导系列和9个附属系列，它们广泛用于冶金、矿山、石油、化工、交通、建筑等行业，有些还与主机配套出口10多个国家和地区。企业先后为修建毛主席纪念堂、建设中国第一颗试验通信卫星发射基地等项目，生产了专用防爆电机，因其特殊贡献，曾多次受到党中央、国务院和中央军委的表彰。,续,厂长：马光庭,厂址：重庆市渝中区龙隐路48号,电话：（023）63301536 （厂部）,（023）63301974 （销售部）,传真：（023）63301536,（023）63300835,邮编：4000431,练习2: 误解句,1. The house is really A-1.,2. He bought a bakers dozen of biscuits.,3. He was a cat in the pan.,4. A cat may look at a king.,5. Is he a Jonah?,6. Jim is fond of a leap in the dark.,7. A little bird told me the news.,8. Angela is a man of a woman.,9. Nellie is a man of his word.,10. He paid a matter of 1000 yuan.,continued,11. These youths are full of animal spirits.,12. Mr. Smith is an American China trader.,13. All the world and his wife were so kind to Marlin.,14. Her opinion is all my eye.,15. Donna can sing after a fashion.,16. We should call him Adam.,17. I only use Accent for soup.,18. Colin is absent in Shanghai.,19. These commercial transactions are aboveboard.,20. Bruce was taken up above the salt.,continued,21. The ABC hopes to settle in China.,22. Is there a world of difference between Kenneth and Louie?,23. His wifes going to get a visit from the stork.,24. Glen spent a small fortune on a tour round the world.,25. She is a nose of wax.,练习3：正确地道汉译英,听君一席话，胜读十年书。,他总能逢凶化吉，遇难呈祥。,茫茫人海，你能嫁给我难道不是缘分吗？,世界格局已经发生了巨大变化。,我们不能出卖我们的国格，不能出卖我们的人民。,任何问题都要讲道理。不让中国加入WTO实在没有道理。,把改革的力度、发展的速度和社会的承受程度统一起来 ！,深圳经济特区发挥了很好的窗口作用和辐射作用。,这个数字虽然已经挤掉了一些水分，但仍有水分。,他们没有把谈判内容向你们公布，只是向你们吹吹风。,练习4：英汉对比译1,就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。,（增词）,If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.,（增词）,中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。（减词）,我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。,（转换）,Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.,（转换）,同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。,（转换）,I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.,（转换）,无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。（正反译）,练习4：英汉对比译2,无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。（正反译）,At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.（倒置）,改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。,You are the representative of a country and of a continent to which China feels particularly close.,使我们走到一起的，是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利益。,How can the European Union contribute to the development of a European film and television program industry which is competitive in the world market, forward-looking and capable of radiating the influence of European culture and of creating jobs in Europe,?,练习5: +- 浪漫两行诗,My darling, my lover, my beautiful wife,Marrying you has screwed up my life.,I see your face when I am dreaming.,Thats why I always wake up screaming.,Love may be beautiful, love may be bliss,But I only slept with you cause I was pissed.,I thought that I could love no other,-that is until I met your brother.,continued,5. I want to feel your sweet embrace,But dont take that paper bag off your face.,6. I love your smile, your face, and your eyes,Im good at telling lies!,7. My love, you take my breath away,What have you stepped in to smell this way?,8. 你是天上的天鹅，我是地上的癞蛤蟆；,你在天上飞，我在地上爬。,练习6: 巧翻长难句,1. President George Bush has rejected the treaty, calling it unfair in allowing developing countries such as China, India and Brazilto carry on emitting greenhouse gases unabated while rich countries must cut theirs.,2. Yesterday, Iraqis got a glimpse of what life without Saddam Hussein may hold, as protests and politicking marked the first day of meetings to decide the countrys fate.,3. The U.S. almost certainly will have departed from Thailand where the government has declared U.S. forces unwelcome and from Taiwan which the U.S. should evacuate under the terms of the U.S.-Chinese Shanghai Communiqu of 1972.,continued,4. “Neither believe nor reject anything, because any other person has rejected or believed it ”,5. Across all continents, nearly a billion people seek, sometimes almost desperation, for the skills and knowledge and assistance by which they may satisfy from their own resources, the material wants common to all mankind.,6. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.,练习7: 句子变译,1. Only three customers remained in the bar.,2. Ill be here for good this time.,3. Please keep the fire burning when Im out.,4. Wait, he is serious.,5. Now, Clara, be firm with the boy!,6. The traveller in the south must often have remarked that peculiar air of refinement, that softness of voice and manner, which seems in many cases to be a particular gift to the quotation and mulatto women.,continued,7. .on one sunshiny morning in June , .,8. When he might well have acted with boldness, he found himself filled with doubts, scruples and equivocations, in addition to the ordinary fears of a lover.,9. George, Im ashamed of you! George, I couldnt have believed you would have done it! I always knew you to be a rolling stone that gathered no moss; but I never thought you would have taken away what little moss there was for Bagnet and the children to lie upon, said Mrs. Bagnet.,continued,10. It is quite useless to ask whether Vanderbilt was criminally prosecuted or civilly sued by the Government. Not only was he unmolested, but two years later, he carried on another huge swindle upon the Government under peculiarly heinous conditions.,11. A new dignity crept into his walk.,12. When your gals takes on and cry, whats the use of cracking on them over the head, and knocking on them round?,continued,13. His delegation agreed with the Executive Director that the fund should continue working for a better understanding of the interrelationship between economic, social and demographic factors.,功能目的论与应用翻译（Ch 3）,教材22-33页,语言功能（Peter Newmark),1信息功能 (informative function),2表情功能 (expressive function),3祈使功能 (vocative function),4美感功能 (aesthetic function),5酬应功能 (phatic function),6元语言功能 (metalingual function),目的论(Skopostheory),翻译“目的论”是由德国功能派学者Vermeer 和Christiane Nord 提出来的。,“目的论”的核心是“目的决定手段” (the translation purpose justifies the translation process. “the end justifies the means”,目的论是(旅游)翻译的指导性理论。,(旅游)宣传资料的目的是,传播文化，吸引 读者，让读者看懂、听懂、读懂。,翻译中应注意语言差异,意义语境和引申(Contextual and Extended Meaning),文字重复和简练(Repetition and Succinctness),主语省略和增添(Subjectlessness and the Subject),语态被动和主动(Passive and Active Voices),句子意合与形合(Parataxis and Hypotaxis),结构分割与合并(Structural Dividing and Joining),翻译中应注意文化差异,价值观念的差异,思维方式的差异,审美情趣的差异,翻译原则,“以文化为取向；以译文为重点。” （张宁）,以文化为取向,，就是尽量保留文化信息，尽量多地宣传文化，因为了解文化是读者的重要目的，而翻译的主要目的就是促进文化交流。,所谓,以译文为重点,，即指翻译（旅游）资料时，既要忠实于原文又不拘泥于原文。要从译文读者的角度出发，对信息进行适当调整，让他们好读好懂。,译品的类型（Ch 4）,教材35-57页：,全译,节译,改译,编译,摘（要）译,经贸翻译（Ch 6）,教材94-113页,练习8：经贸翻译,成都高尔夫俱乐部球场建设施工合同书,一合同双方,成都高尔夫俱乐部有限公司 （以下简称甲方）,香港高尔夫工程有限公司 （以下简称乙方）,二.,合同宗旨,根据中华人民共和国经济合同法，甲方现将成都高尔夫俱乐部球场整体施工委托给乙方。为明确双方的权利、义务和经济责任，经双方协商，特签订本合同。,三工程概况,1. 工程名称：成都高尔夫俱乐部18洞国际标准高尔夫球场,2. 工程地点：成都武侯区童家溪镇,3. 本工程执行双方确认的施工技术规范，并将其作为工程验收标准。,四工期要求,本工程应于2000年6月30日前交付使用。,如遇以下情况工期可顺延：,a甲乙双方认定的工程设计重大改变;,b人力不可抗拒的自然灾害。,五,.,承包方式,本工程为整体承包工程,即在工程完工时,甲方认为全部设施及工程符合球场正常营业使用要求后,本合同所包括的工程才可认为正式完成。,六支付方式和结算办法,本工程款固定额为5，500万元人民币。,本合同签订后，乙方应向甲方提交由省级银行提供的建设工期保证书。若乙方未按时完成工程，甲方有权向该银行索取150万元的工程保证金；,本合同签订后7天内，甲方向乙方支付相当于工程款总额1%的预付款，即人民币55万元；,在工程施工期间，乙方应按月向甲方书面汇报工程进度，甲方应按月向乙方支付工程款项；,工程全面完工并经双方验收合格后，甲方将工程款支付到工程款总额的90%；其余的10%作为质量保证金，待交工后经过一年使用并未出现质量问题，甲方应将质量保证金一次付清。,七竣工验收,工程全部完工后，乙方应提前15天以书面形式将验收日期通知甲方；竣工验收不合格时，甲方应以书面形式向乙方指出。乙方应及时组织返工，直到验收合格为止；,竣工验收合格后，甲方向乙方出具验收合格证书；,竣工验收合格后，乙方向甲方进行工程移交。,八违约责任,本合同签字生效后，由于甲乙任何一方责任造成合同终止，违约方应向守约方支付合同总额5%的违约金；,工程施工过程中，若甲方未能按期如数向乙方支付各期工程款项，乙方有权暂时中止施工，直至应付款项付清为止；由此导致的工期延误责任由甲方承担，工期顺延；,由于政府收回土地或其他不可抗拒的原因导致工程终止，双方均不承担违约责任。,九附则,本合同一式四份，甲乙双方各执二份；,本合同自双方签字盖章之日起生效；工程全部竣工验收并保修期满结算清款项后失效；,本合同条款及术语根据中华人民共和国经济合同法及其它相应法律规定解释；,本合同未尽事宜，经双方协商后修改或补充，补充合同与本合同具有同等法律效力，补充合同与本合同内容发生冲突时，以补充合同为准；,在执行合同过程中若发生争议，双方应本着实事求是的原则协商解决；协商不成时，可提交项目所在地权威机构仲裁。,（经贸）+广告翻译（Ch 9）,教材179-211页,Advertising English,Selling power: memory, attention, readability; loaded, persuasive;,Colloquial words for familiarity, intimacy and solidarity; literary words for elegance; adj commendatory modifiers; short wds/cmpnds/cngs; “we/you”;,Simple structure; without vb; low rate of passive, past tenses; heavy use of imperative, interrogative ,Heavy use of graphic deviation;,Semantic deviation for image/theme;,Rhetorical devices.,练习9 广告,FOR WORLDWIDE MEDIA DECISIONSLEAD FROM STRENGH.,力量给你力量，让你引航全球媒体,Weeeeeere Baaack.,老车老，老车回来了,An important word from IBM.,Small,.,IBM电脑,小巧,How do you get everyone working,in concert,?,用,协和,，您的音乐会团队更和谐,续,If you think clothes dont make a difference, try walking down the street without any.,高档衣、低挡衣，你敢不敢不穿衣？,.If Purina Chows dont make your hens lay, they are roosters.,吃纯巧饲料，公鸡帮母鸡下蛋,Echo from the past Sound of the future,前可听古人 后可听来者,Kool is cool!,酷烟的确酷！,旅游翻译（Ch 10）,教材214-242页,“旅游涉及多种学科，面广且杂。从自然科学到社会科学，从天文地理到风土人情，甚至文化娱乐、吃穿用住，真可谓无所不包，无所不有。因此，旅游资料也涉及多种知识，多种体裁。” （王治奎）,“旅游实用文种类很多，包括与旅游有关的书信、广告、旅游日程安排及旅游条件书、旅游景点介绍、通知、电讯、有关合同、讲话等。其中多数可划为其他文体。” （陈宏薇）,旅游宣传资料的特点,体裁多样,：,描写、记叙、说明兼而有之,功能多重,：,具有信息功能、美感功能和祈使功能,内涵丰富,：,承载大量文化信息，具有明显的文化特征,文学性强,：,旅游文学丰富多彩（有关名胜古迹的,诗词曲赋、佳句楹联、传说掌故、散,文游记等数不胜数）,旅游翻译的方法（,I,）,直译,音译,直译加意译,意译,旅游翻译的方法（,II,）,增译,删译,转译,改写,增译 （包括“解释”）,增译。翻译旅游资料要求有针对性，是向游客介绍一国的风景名胜。其中有许多民族传统文化色彩浓厚的东西，在本国妇孺皆知，但翻译时要增添理解原文内容所必需的背景知识，如：历史事件发生的年代，名人的生卒年代，他们的身份及其在历史上的贡献，名胜的具体位置等等以帮助译入语游客更好地理解。,解释是指增加的部分是对字、词、句的字面意思的解释。,对原文行文风格的改写（避虚就实）,汉语和英语在行文风格和修辞上存在较大的差异。汉语旅游资料中有许多华丽辞藻悬、四字词组只是为了音韵的和谐和渲染气氛，并无多大实际意义，翻译时应该调整措辞，将这些虚华之词用明白晓畅的语言重新表述，使译文通达流畅，符合英文的表达习惯，增强译文的可读性，也更利于外国游客和读者的理解和接受。旅游翻译首先应该以旅游者为导向（tourist-oriented）,让他们听懂、看懂、读懂。如果遇到非常主观性的描述语言，如“重峦叠嶂”、“广袤无垠”、“分外妖娆”、“美不胜收”、“争奇斗艳”、“千姿百态”等等，可以简单概括一下。这就是改写。（反之也然）,练习10: 旅游文化文学1,Culture operates both visibly and invisibly to influence the substance of negotiations and the performance of the eventual contract. It is therefore necessary for an exporter to have knowledge of both the foreign culture and the negotiating process in that culture. This includes familiarity with the spoken language and with body language (that is, typical gestures ); knowledge of the countrys social customs and formalities; awareness of the degree to which subtleness or, inversely, directness in formal talks; knowledge of the degree to which compromise is acceptable for reaching a final accord; understanding of the decision-making process in the counterpart company; and awareness of the sanctity of oral versus written contacts.,练习10:旅游文化文学,2,By a career-resilient workforce, we mean a group of employees who not only are dedicated to the idea of continuous learning but also stand ready to reinvent themselves to keep pace with change; who take responsibility for their own career management; and, last but not least, who are committed to the companys success. For each individual, this means staying knowledgeable about market trends and understanding the skills and behaviors the company will need down the road. It means being aware of ones own skills of ones strengths and weaknesses and having a plan for enhancing ones performance and long-term employability. It means having the willingness and ability to respond quickly and flexibly to changing business needs. And it means moving on when a win-win relationship is no longer possible.,练习10:旅游文化文学3,Bangkoks traffic is among the worst in the world, and has blighted the lives of the citys 8 million people. School children have to leave home before dawn and many commuters spend more than three hours on the road a day. The Thai Farmers Bank Research Center estimates that traffic congestion costs the country about $ 2.3 billion a year in lost productivity, health problems and wasted fuel. It has also scared off foreign investors and discouraged tourists. Any real relief is still a long way off. Experts say it will take many years to untie the Gordian knot of Bangkoks traffic woes, the legacy of decades of poor planning and political squabbling.,练习10:旅游文化文学4,立体画廊长江三峡,“朝辞白帝彩云间，千里江陵一日还。两岸猿声啼不住，轻舟已过万重山。”唐代大诗人李白放歌三峡，留韵千秋,长江三峡西起奉节白帝城，东至湖北宜昌南津关。沿途两岸奇峰陡立，峭壁对峙，自西向东依次为瞿塘峡、巫峡、西陵峡。三峡千姿百态，各具魅力，以瞿塘雄、巫峡秀、西陵险而驰名。巫山境内，则有流晶滴翠的大宁河小三峡、马渡河小小三峡。长江沿线重庆境内，还有建筑风格奇特的石宝寨、有“巴蜀胜境”之称的张飞庙、蜀汉皇帝刘备的托孤堂、有“云贵川丛林佛家圣地”之尊的双桂堂、地球上最早的人类“巫山猿人”遗址等，是集旅游观光、科考怀古、艺术鉴赏、文化研究、民俗采风、建筑考察等为一体的著名旅游风景区。,三峡工程建成蓄水后，高峡平湖的景观将使三峡库区成为全国最大的国家级公园，重庆也将成为国内最大的旅游观光度假胜地。,科技翻译（Ch 5）,教材63-90页,The heart, which is a muscular pump, beats about 72 times a minute through a continuous and automatic process of muscular contraction and relaxation. It is about the size of a fist, weight about 9-11 ounces and is placed snugly between the lungs, a little more to the left than to the right. A partition runs down the center of the heart, dividing it into left and right sections which work at the same time but deal with two different types of blood. Each section is again divided into upper and lower parts, the auricles and ventricles. The blood is pumped through all four chambers in turn in the course of being circulated through all parts of the body.,The hearts first purpose is to supply a steady flow of oxygen to all the body cells and to return carbon dioxide to the lungs. On its journey the blood distributes dissolved foods and carries away wastes.,Two large veins pour the dark, used blood into the first chamber, the right auricle, which passes it into the chamber below, the right ventricle. The muscle surrounding this part contracts in a beat that pushes the blood into the