《英语句子成分及基本结构》PPT课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语句子成分及基本结构,（一）句子成分的定义,构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；,主要成分有,主语,（subject）,和,谓语,（predicate）,；,次要成分有,表语,(predicative),、,宾语,(object),、,定语,(attribute),、,状语,(adverbial),、,补足语,(complement),和同位语,(appositive),。,（二）,句子的具体成分,主语,（subject),：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由,名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句,等表示。,1,During the 1990s,American country music,has become more and more popular.,（名词）,2,We,often speak English in class.,（代词）,3,One-third,of the students,in this class are girls.,（数词）,4,To swim,in the river,is a great pleasure.,（不定式）,5,Smoking,does harm to the health.,（动名词）,6,The rich,should help the poor.,（名词化的形容,词）,7,When we are going to have an English test,has not been decided.,（主语从句）,8,It,is necessary,to master a foreign language,.,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,谓语(,predicate),谓语说明主语所做的,动作,或具有的,特征和状态,。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：,1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He,practices,running every morning.2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You,may keep,the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.,表语(,predicative),表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如,be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem,等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。,Our teacher of English,is,an American,.,（名词）,Is,it,yours,?,（代词）,The weather has,turned,cold,.,（形容词）,The speech,is,exciting,.,（分词）,Three times seven,is,twenty one,?,（数词）,His job,is,to teach English,.（不定式）His hobby（爱好）,is,playing football,.（动名词）The machine,must be,out of order,.（介词短语）Time,is,up,.The class,is,over,.（副词）The truth,is,that he has never been abroad,.（表语从句）,宾语(,object),宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于,及物动词和介词,后,面。例如：,They went to,see an exhibition yesterday,.（名词）The heavy rain prevented,me,form coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have?I have,five,.（数词）They helped,the old,with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended,not to see me,.（不定式短语）I enjoy,listening to popular music,.（动名词短语）I think,（that）he is fit for his office,.（宾语从句）,宾语补足语(,complement of object),英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由,名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当,。,His father named him,Dongming,.（名词）They painted their boat,white,.（形容词）Let the fresh air,in,.（副词）You mustnt force him,to lend his money to you,.（不定式短语）We saw her,entering the room,.（现在分词）We found everything,in the lab in good order,.（介词短语）We will soon make our city,what your city is now,.（从句）,定语(,attributive),修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：,Guilin is a,beautiful,city.（形容词）China is a,developing,country;America is a,developed,country.（分词）There are thirty,women,teachers i,n,our school.（名词）,His,rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first,to enter the classroom,.（不定式短语）The,teaching,plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article,about how to learn English,.（介词短语）,He is reading a book,that he has never read,.（定语从句）,状语(,adverbial),修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：,Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin,you must continue.（状语从句）,状语种类如下,How about meeting again,at six,?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party,because of the rain,.（原因状语）I shall go there,if it doesnt rain,.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives,on the third floor,.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket,with great care,.（方式状语）She came in,with a dictionary in her hand,.（伴随状语）,In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired,that he fell asleep immediately,.（结果状语）She works very hard,though she is old,.（让步状语）I am taller,than he is,.（比较状语）,同位语,同位语是在名词或代词之后并列,名词,或,代词或名词短语,对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We,students,should study hard.We,all,are students.,Carol,an American teacher,will come to our school.,独立成分,有时句子中会有一些与句子,没有语法联系,的成分，称为句子独立成分,感叹词,：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。,肯定词,yes,否定词,no,称呼语,：mum,dad。,插入语,：一些句中插入的 I think,I believe,等。如:The story,I think,has never come to the end,情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然，等。,简单句、并列句和复合句,（一）句子种类两种分类法,1、按句子的用途可分四种：,1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old;She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating?How old is he?Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim,cant she?3）祈使句：Be careful,boys;Dont talk in class4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!,2、按句子的结构可分三种：,1）,简单句,：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.He often reads English in the morning.,简单句的五种基本句型,1主语+不及物动词：(S V),We work.She came,My head aches.,The bell rang.,2主语+系动词+表语(SVC),系动词,一be动词类：,am、is、are、was、were,二表示变化类：,become、get、turn、grow、go,三感官动词类:,look sound smell taste feel appear,seem,四表示延续性的动词：,remain、stay、keep,He is a student,His face turned red,The apple tastes sweet,The soldier keeps still.,3主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO）,e.g.Henry bought a dictionary.,Mike ate three cakes,she drew a beautiful picture.,4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）(SVIOO)(SVOiO),e.g.My father bought me a car.-My father bought a car for me,He gave me three yuan.,-He gave three yuan