心理学专业英语

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Milgrams study of obedience,1.AIM,2.PROCEDURE,3.APPARATUS,3.THE SUBJECTS,4.VOCAL FEEDBACK CONDITION,5.THE EXPERIMENTER,6.THE LEARNER,7.RESULTS,AIM,To investigate how far people will go in obeying an authority figure.,目的是研究多少人会服从一个权威人士。,PROCEDURE,Subjects were led to believe that the experiment was investigating the effects of punishment on learning.The subjects were tested one at a time and were always given the role of teacher(through a fixed lottery).,被试被引导着相信这个实验是研究惩罚对学习的影响。被试进行了一次测试而且会永远得到老师这个角色。（通过抽签的方式）,The subject saw his apparent co-subject(in reality an actor),strapped,into a chair with electrodes attached to him,since he was to be the learner.,The subject(teacher)was told the shocks would cause,no,permanent tissue damage and was given a,trial,shock of 45volts.,Strap:,捆绑,Trial,：实验的,被试看到这个表面上的同伴被试（实际上是个演员）被捆绑到椅子上，并且把电极粘贴到他身上。因为他要扮演的是“学生”。,被试（“老师”）被告知这个电击不会造成永久性的组织损伤而且得到一个,45,伏的试验电击。,The subject then started the experiment in the shock generator room next door by testing the learner over an,intercom,and was told by the experimenter(the authority figure)to administer increasing levels of electric shock for each wrong answer(which the actor gave often).,Intercom,：内部通信联络系统,被试在装有电击设置的房间开始实验，另一间房通过内部联络系统测试学生，并且由实验者（权威人士）告诉被试每出现一个错误答案（由演员给出）要去实施增加的电击强度。,The experiment,finished when either the subject refused to continue(disobeyed the experimenters request),or had reached the maximum shock on the scale(450 volts).The subject was then fully debriefed as to the real nature of the experiment,re-introduced to the learner in a friendly way and reassured that no damage had been done since the learner had not really received any shocks at all!,当被试拒绝继续（不在服从实验者的要求）或已经达到了最大电击幅度（,450,伏）时，实验就完成了。被试随后会接受一个充分的解释，例如实验的真正本质，重新以友好的方式介绍学生而且宽慰他们没有做过任何伤害因为学生从来没有受到任何的电击。,In the basic set-up of the experiment the subject received,feedback,reactions from the learner he was,electrocutingonly by a thump on the wall at 300 volts followed by no further reply,but in a later condition vocal feedback was given(this was standardised by the use of a tape recoding).,Feedback,：反馈,在这个实验的基本装置中，被试会从学生那里获得一个他在遭受,300,伏电击时撞击墙然后不再有进一步的反应的反馈，但是随后又会获得声音反馈（这通过录音机的使用使其标准化）。,Milgram decided to conduct many variations of the study to determine the key factors that were responsible for the obedience.,米尔格兰姆决定去实施许多不同的研究来确定决定服从的关键因素。,APPARATUS,Two rooms in the Yale Interaction Laboratory were used-one for the learner containing an electric chair and an answering device,the other for the teacher and experimenter with an electric shock generator.,实验在耶鲁大学的互动实验室中的两个房间进行。一个是为学生准备的，包括一个“电击椅”和一个回答装置，另外一个是为老师和实验者准备的，这里有一个可以实施电击的发电机。,The generator did not actually give shocks to the learner,and was used to measure the dependent variable of obedience.It was a convincing machine with a row of 30 witches that ranged from 15 volts to 450 volts in,increments,of 15 volts,and was marked with,descriptive,terms of the shock effects-ranging from slight shock through to Danger:severe shock and xxx.,Increment:,增量,Descriptive,：描述性的,发电机不会真的对学生产生电击，这只是被用作测试服从的因变量。这是一个令人信服的机器，它有,30,个按钮，最低从,15,伏开始，每个按钮的电极以,15,伏为单位递增直到,450,伏，而且被标记上描述性的术语：电机等级从轻微电击到危险：严重点击和,xxx,。,THE SUBJECTS,They were 40 males between the ages of 20 and 50 from a range of occupations,and were drawn from the New Haven area.They were obtained by newspaper ads for participation in a study of learning at Yale University and were paid 4.50 just for turning up.,他们是年龄在,20-50,岁之间的从事不同职业的,40,名男性，住在美国纽黑文地区。他们是看到了一份寻求志愿者来耶鲁大学进行记忆力和学习方法的研究，,参加者可获每小时,4,美元的广告而到来的,。,VOCAL FEEDBACK CONDITION,At,75 volts,moans/groans.,At,150 volts,requests to be excused from the experiment,At,195 volts,yelled let me out!My hearts bothering me,At,285 volts,agonised scream,At,300 volts,kicked the wall and begged to be released.,At,315 volts,no further responses,75,伏 呻吟,150,伏 要求停止实验,195,伏 大喊：放我出去！我心脏受不了了,285,伏 挣扎 尖叫,300,伏 撞墙 请求被释放,315,伏 没有进一步反应,THE EXPERIMENTER,He was 31 years old,dressed in a grey laboratory coat,and appeared somewhat stern and impassive through the experiment.If at any point the subject showed,reluctance,to administer the shock,he would command them to continue with standardised,prompts,ranging from please continue to You have no other choice,you must go on.,Reluctance,：不情愿，勉强,Prompt,：提示性语言,他,31,岁了，穿着灰色的实验服，整个实验过程显得有些严厉和冷漠。如果在任何时候被试表现出拒绝执行电击，他会命令他们继续，并且是使用标准化的提示语，从请继续到你没有选择，必须继续。,THE LEARNER,An actor was required to play the role of the learner-an lrish-American,47 year old accountant who appeared mild-mannered and likeable.,一个演员被要求扮演学生的角色，是个爱尔兰人。他是个会计师，,47,岁，看起来很温和而且招人喜欢。,RESULTS,Levels of obedience expected,Psychology students and professional colleagues were asked what percentage of subjects would administer the highest degree of shock(450 volts)-the answers ranged from 1 to 3,with a mean of 1.2,预期的服从水平,心理学的学生和专业的大学生被问到被试会执行,450,伏这个最大电击强度的人数百分比时，他们的答案在一到三之间，平均是,1.2,。,Subjects realisation of shock effects,In the post-experimental interview the subjects were asked“How painful to the learner