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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,句子成分,Members of a Sentence,什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。,现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。,英语的基本成分有七种：主语（,subject,）、谓语（,predicate,）、表语（,predicative,）、宾语（,object,）、定语（,attribute,）、状语,(,adverbial,),和补语（,complement,）。,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型，掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,英语,五种,基本句型列式如下：,一：, ,（主谓）,二：, ,（主系表）,三：, ,（主谓宾）,四：, ,（主谓间宾直宾）,五：, ,（主谓宾宾补）,基本句型 一： （主谓）,主语,：可以作主语的成分有,名词,（如,boy,），,主格代词,（如,you,），,动词不定式，动名词,等。主语一般在,句首,。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！,谓语,：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。,不及物动词（,vi.,）,没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：,We come.,此句型的句子有一个,共同特点,，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做,不及物动词,，后面可以跟,副词、介词短语、状语从句,等。, （不及物动词）,1. The sun was shining.,太阳在照耀着。,2. The moon rose.,月亮升起了。,3. The universe remains.,宇宙长存。,4. We all breathe, eat, and drink.,我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。,5. Who cares?,管它呢？,6. What he said does not matter.,他所讲的没有什么关系。,7. They talked for half an hour.,他们谈了半个小时。,8. The pen writes smoothly,这支笔书写流利。,基本句型 二： （主系表）,此句型的句子有一个,共同的特点,：句子,谓语动词,都不能表达一个完整的意思,，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的,表语,构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做,连系动词,。,系动词,分两类：,be, look, keep, seem,等属一类，表示,情况,；,get, grow, become, turn,等属另一类，表示,变化,。,be,本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。,感官动词多可用作联系动词,：,look,well/,面色好,sound,nice/,听起来不错,feel,good/,感觉好，,smell,bad/,难闻, （是系动词） ,1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary.,这是本英汉辞典。,2. The dinner smells good.,午餐的气味很好。,3. He fell in love.,他堕入了情网。,4. Everything looks different.,一切看来都不同了。,5. He is growing tall and strong.,他长得又高又壮,6. The trouble is that they are short of money.,麻烦的是他们缺少钱。,基本句型 三： （主谓宾）,此句型句子的,共同特点,是：谓语动词都具有,实义,，都是,主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思,，必须跟有一个,宾语,，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做,及物动词,。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般,同主语构成一样,，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是,代词宾格,，如：,me,，,him,，,them,等, （及物动词） ,1. Who knows the answer?,谁知道答案？,2. She smiled her thanks.,她微笑表示感谢。,3. He enjoys reading.,他喜欢看书。,4. They ate what was left over.,他们吃了剩饭。,5. He said Good morning.,他说：,早上好！,基本句型 四：, （主谓间宾直宾）,有些及物动词可以有,两个宾语,，如：,give,给，,pass,递，,bring,带，,show,显示,。这两个宾语通常一个指,人,，为,间接宾语,；一个指,物,，为,直接宾语,。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。,一般的顺序为：,动词,+,间接宾语,+,直接宾语,。,如：,Give me a cup of,tea,please,.,强调间接宾语,顺序为：,动词,+,直接宾语,+,介词,+,间接宾语,。如：,Show this house to,Mr.Smith,., （及物） （多指人） （多指物,）,1. She ordered herself a new dress.,她给自己定了一套新衣裳。,2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.,她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。,3. He brought you a dictionary.,他给你带来了一本字典。,4. He denies her nothing.,他对她什么都不拒绝。,5. I showed him my pictures.,我给他看我的照片,6. I gave my car a wash.,我洗了我的汽车。,基本句型 五：, （主谓宾宾补）,此句型的句子的,共同特点,是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个,补充成分,来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。,宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出,说明,的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成,复合宾语,。,名词,/,代词宾格,+,名词,The war made him,a soldier,.,战争使他成为一名战士,.,名词,/,代词宾格,+,形容词,New methods make the job,easy,.,新方法使这项工作变得轻松,.,名词,/,代词宾格,+,介词短语,I often find him,at work,.,我经常发现他在工作,.,名词,/,代词宾格,+,动词不定式,The teacher ask the students,to close the windows,.,老师让学生们关上窗户,.,名词,/,代词宾格,+,分词,I saw a cat,running across the road,.,我看见一只猫跑过了马路,., （及物） （宾语） （宾补）,1. They appointed him ,manager,.,他们任命他当经理。,2. They painted the door ,green,.,他们把门漆成绿色,3. This set them ,thinking,.,这使得他们要细想一想。,4. They found the house ,deserted,.,他们发现那房子无人居住。,但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（,modifier,）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：,定语、状语,一、 定语：,定语是对,名词或代词,起修饰、限定作用的,词、短语或句子,，汉语中常用,的表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰,some,any,every,no,构成的复合不定代词时，（如：,something,、,nothing,）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常,置后,。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。,形容词作定语,：,The,little,boy needs a,blue,pen.,(little,修饰名词,boy,；,blue,修饰名词,pen.,）,/,小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。,Tom is a,handsome,boy./Tom,是个英俊的男孩。,There is a,good,boy./,有个乖男孩。,数词作定语相当于形容词：,Two boys need,two,pens.,两个男孩需要两支钢笔。,There are,two,boys in the room.,房间里有两个男孩。,代词或名词所有格作定语,：,His,boy needs,Toms,pen.,他的男孩需要,Tom,的钢笔。,His,name is Tom.,他的名字是汤姆。,介词短语作定语,：,The boy,in the classroom,needs a pen of yours.,教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。,The boy,in blue,is Tom.,穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。,名词作定语,：,The boy needs a,ball,pen.,男孩需要一支圆珠笔。,There is only one,ball,pen in the,pencil,box.,这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。,副词作定语,：,The boy,there,needs a pen.,那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。,The best boy,here,is Tom.,这里最棒的男孩是,Tom,。,不定式作定语,：,The boy,to write this letter,needs a pen.,写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。,There is nothing,to do,today.,今天无事要做。,分词（短语）作定语,：,The,smiling,boy needs a pen,bought,by his mother.,那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。,The pen,bought,by her is made in China.,她买的笔是中国产的。,There are five boys,left,.,有五个留下的男孩。,定语从句,：,The boy,who is reading,needs the pen,which you bought yesterday,.,那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。,The boy,you will know,is Tom.,你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。,There are five boys,who will play the game,.,参加游戏的男孩有五个。,二、状语：,状语修饰,动词、形容词、副词或全句,，说明,方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的,等。,状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：,often,）,或程度（如：,almost,）,的副词状语通常位于,be,动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前,。,有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意。,如：,The boy calls the girl in the classroom.,一般理解成,男孩喊教室里的女孩,（此时,in the classroom,为,girl,的定语）,也可以理解为,男孩在教室里喊女孩,（此时,in the classroom,为地点状语），最好写作,In the,classroom,the,boy calls the girl.,副词（短语）作状语,：,The boy needs a pen,very much,.,男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）,The boy needs,very much,the pen bought by his mother.,男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）,The boy needs a pen,now,.,/,Now,the,boy needs a pen.,/,The,boy,now,needs,a pen.,男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）,介词短语作状语,：,In the classroom, the boy needs a pen./,在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）,Before his mother, Tom is always a boy./,在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子,.(,条件状语,),On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom./,星期天,教室里没有学生,.(,时间状语,),分词（短语）作状语,：,He sits there,asking for a pen,./,他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）,Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen./,因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）,Frightened,he,sits there soundlessly./,（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）,不定式作状语,：,The boy needs a pen,to do his homework,./,男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）,To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business./,为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣,.,名词作状语,：,Come,this way,!/,走这条路！（方向状语）,状语从句：,时间,状语从句、,地点,状语从句、,原因,状语从句、,结果,状语从句、,目的,状语从句、,比较,状语从句、,让步,状语从句、,条件,状语从句,句子成分练习题,(,一,),(,一,).,指出下列句中主语的中心词,The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom., There is an old man coming here., The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year., To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.,(,二,),选出句中谓语的中心词,I dont like the picture on the wall.,A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall, The days get longer and longer when summer comes.,A. get B. longer C. days D. summer, Do you usually go to school by bus?,A. Do B. usually,C.go,D. bus, There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.,A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon, Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?,A.Did,B. twins C. have D. breakfast,Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.,A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework, What I want to tell you is this.,A. want B. to tell C. you D. is, We had better send for a doctor.,A. We B. had C. send D. doctor, He is interested in music.,A. is B. interested C. in D. music, Whom did you give my book to?,A. give,B.did,C. whom D. book,(,三,),挑出下列句中的宾语,My brother hasnt done his homework., People all over the world speak English., You must pay good attention to your pronunciation., How many new words did you learn last class?, Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?, The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill., They made him monitor of the class., Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left., You will find it useful after you leave school., They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.,(,四,),挑出下列句中的表语,The old man was feeling very tired., Why is he worried about Jim?, The leaves have turned yellow., Soon They all became interested in the subject., She was the first to learn about it.,(,五,),挑出下列句中的定语,They use Mr./ Mrs. with the family name., What is your given name?, On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3., I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor., The man downstairs was trying to sleep., I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!,(,六,),挑出下列句中的宾语补足语,She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room., He asked her to take the boy out of school., She found it difficult to do the work., They call me Lily sometimes., I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus., Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?,(,七,),挑出下列句中的状语,There was a big smile on her face., Every night he heard the noise upstairs., He began to learn English when he was eleven., The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast., With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off., She loves the library because she loves books., I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it., The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.,(,八,),划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语,Please tell us a story., My father bought a new bike for me last week., Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term., Here is a pen. Give it to Tom., Did he leave any message for me?,句子成分练习题,(,三,),A,1,、,_ six years since I began to study English.A. It is B. I have been C. There are D. It was,2,、,_ in the room at that time.A. Nobody was B. Someone were C. Who is D. He are,3,、,ITS very noisy outside. _ is going on? A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where,4,、,_ in English in class every day is important.A. Speak B. Talking C. Saying D. To tell,5,、,There must be_ near the factory.A. a book store B. book store C. books store D. books stores,6,、,Although its raining hard, _ are still working in the fields.A. but they B. and they C. they D. since they,B,1,、,The doctor as well as the nurses _ great concern for the patients.A. show B. shows C. have shown D. are showing,2,、,Your son must be a clever boy, _ he?A. is B. isnt C. must D. mustnt,3,、,The computer center, _ last year, is very popular among students in this school.A. open B. opening C. opened D. being opened,4,、,I _ go to the shop today, for there is a lot of food at home.A. mustnt B. had to C. cant D. neednt,5,、,Dont _ excited.A. get B. is C. seem D. look,6 This room _ every morning.A. is cleaning B. is cleaned C. cleans D. cleaning,C,1,、,Glad to meet you! _ is your full name?A. What B. Where C. How D. Who,2,、,He is _ to lift the heavy box.A. too weak B. weak,tooC,. enough weak D. weak enough,3,、,The days are _ warmer and warmer in spring.A. getting B. looking C. seeming D. going,4,、,His job,is_English,.A. teach B. to teach C. taught D. teaches,5,、,Two balls are_.A. under the desk B. in the wall C. to here D. at desks,D,1,、,We should get ready_ others.A. helping B. to help C. help D. help with,2,、,_interesting work we are doing?A. What a B. How C. What D. What an,3,、,I want_ a teacher when I grow up .A. to be B. to C. be D. being,4,、,-Would you like to go on a picnic with me today?-I dont think so. To be honest, I really dont feel,like_on,apicnic.A. going B. to go C. go D. went,5 Do you know_?A. where does he live B. where he livesC. where he live D. if where he lives,6 Let _ do it again.A. I B. me C. he D. she,7 I dont know_.A. how to do B. what to do C. where to do D. when to do,E,1,、,I saw him _ basketball with Jack an hour ago.A. plays B. to play C. played D. play,2,、,Sorry, weve kept you_ for a long time.A. waited B. sing C. stand D. waiting,3,、,The teacher told us _ late again.A. arent be B. dont be C. not to be D. not be,4,、,We find the room very_.A. warm B. warmly C. terribly D. hardly,F,1,、,I found _ difficult to work together with him.A. it B. its C. that D. those,2,、,We all know _ our duty to clean our classroom after school every day.A. that B. this C. which D. it,3,、,He found _ very interesting to play with the little dog.A. what B. it C. / D. that,G,( ) 1 Tom said he _ a good dream yesterday evening.A. dream B. dreamed C. have D. has,( ) 2 Children _ a happy life in China.A. lead B. living C. has D. leading,H,( ) 1 America, Japan and Canada,are_countries,.A. developing B. developed C. less developed D. develop,( ) 2 -_ skirt is that on the chair?-Let me see. Oh, no, its not mine.A. Whose B. What C. Whos D. Which,( ) 3 Do you have anything _?A. saying B. to say C. said D. say,( ) 4 Look, there is,an_tree,by the wall.A. apple B. apples C. apples D. apples,( ) 5 Where,is_seat,?A. yours B. your C. you D. yourselves,I,( ) 1 The box is _ heavy for her _ carry.A. very; to B. too; not toC. too; to D. very too; to,2 -_ did you buy the new bag?-Last Monday.A. Where B. How C. When D. Who,3 You can see these signs in a hospital. _ can you see them?A. Where else B. Where place elseC. Where else place D. Else where,4 They went out _ their old friends.A. visit B. visiting C. to visit D. visited,5 There is a wide river_ our village.A. outside B. over C. from D. below,J,1 The young man, _ works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me,2 Our English teacher, _ often helps us with study.A.,Mrs,Wang B. Mrs5,WangC,.,MrsWangs,. D. of him,3 _, some railway workers are busy repairing the train.A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs,
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