资讯的价值(1)bwus

Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,1-,*,Click to edit Master title style,資訊的價值,The Value of Information,大 綱,RFID,於資訊傳遞的貢獻與效益,資訊的價值,長鞭效應(,The Bullwhip Effect),資訊導致更有效的預測,系統整合的資訊,利用資訊來協助找到客戶需要的產品,利用資訊來協助前置時間的縮短,資訊與供應鏈的互抵效果,RFID,於資訊傳遞的貢獻與效益,什麼是,RFID,一個完整的,RFID,系統應涵蓋標籤（,Tag）、,讀取器（,Reader）,和系統服務等三個主要項目，讀取器透過無線的方式擷取標籤上的資料，再將資料傳回後端系統進行資料的匯整和處理，如圖所示。,系統服務,RFID,標籤,讀取器,為什麼用,RFID TAG?,條碼式使用特性,:,唯讀,需要對準標的,一次讀一個,易破損,RFID,使用特性,:,可讀寫,不需對準標的,同時讀取多個,堅固全天候使用,可不需人力介入操作,RFID,與人工輸入及條碼比較,作業效率,數據量,錄入方式,1筆,10筆,100筆,1000筆,人工錄入,10秒,100秒,1000秒,2小時47分,掃瞄條碼,2秒,20秒,200秒,33分,射頻辨識,0.1秒,1秒,10秒,1分40秒,人工錄入,10分鐘保管員點收簽收單據交由計算器操作員錄入,條碼掃瞄,3分鐘保管員點收簽收單據以掃瞄條碼錄入,射頻辨識,少於1秒,RFID,讀取器讀取貨物資訊直接錄入計算器,資料取得,以一個棧板的貨到達倉庫進行收貨作業為例,射頻辨識為即時讀取，貨物到達倉庫的同時，資料即錄入資料庫,RFID,的歷史背景和用途,RFID（Radio Frequency Identification；,無線辨識射頻）並非一項新興的技術，早在1940年代即被應用在識別敵我戰機之用。,在物流的應用上,，,RFID,預料將可大幅改善並提升物流系統的效率和正確性，藉由產品上的晶片，可在生產系統、倉儲中心和物流中心等環境中進行監控與追蹤，強化其供應鏈資訊與貨品的快速流通，進而減少庫存、降低盤點次數、提高貨物帳料相符準確率並預防偷竊和遺失以降低整體物料管理的成本。,資訊的價值,資訊的價值,供應鏈的權威與顧問喜歡說：在現在的供應鏈中，,資訊取代了存貨,。,豐富的資訊將：,協助減少供應鏈的變異性,協助供應商作更好的預測、進行促銷與掌握市場的改變,使製造配銷系統與策略能夠協調,使零售商能夠提供顧客更好的服務,使零售商能夠更快的反應及適應供應方面的問題,使前置時間能夠減少,長鞭效應 (,The Bullwhip Effect),長鞭效應,長鞭效應_2,長鞭效應_3,長鞭效應_4,造成長鞭效應的常見原因,造成長鞭效應的常見原因_2,造成長鞭效應的常見原因_3,長鞭效應之數量化,Single retailer,single manufacturer.,Retailer observes customer demand,Dt.,Retailer orders q,t,from manufacturer.,Retailer,Manufacturer,D,t,q,t,L,How big is the increase?,Suppose a P period moving average is used.,長鞭效應將隨著前置時間,L,之增加、所觀察之需求歷史資料期數,p,之減少而增加,Var(q)/Var(D):For Various Lead Times,L=5,L=3,L=1,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,0,5,10,15,20,25,30,L=5,L=3,L=1,Consequences.,Increased safety stock,Reduced service level,Inefficient allocation of resources,Increased transportation costs,Multi-Stage Supply Chains,Consider a multi-stage supply chain:,Stage,i,places order,q,i,to stage,i+1,.,L,i,is lead time between stage,i,and,i+1,.,Retailer,Stage 1,Manufacturer,Stage 2,Supplier,Stage 3,q,o,=D,q,1,q,2,L,1,L,2,Multi stage systems,Centralized:each stage bases orders on retailers forecast demand.,Decentralized:each stage bases orders on previous stages demand,Multi-Stage Systems:Var(q,k,)/Var(D),Dec,k=5,Cen,k=5,Dec,k=3,Cen,k=3,k=1,集中式資訊價值的管理意涵,當供應鏈的階層愈多，訂單數量的變異性會愈大,集中式供應鏈中訂單的變異數是依所在階層之總前置時間逐漸累加；但在分散式供應鏈中卻是依乘數的累加,在供應鏈的每一階層共享需求資訊，可以降低長鞭效應,集中式的需求資訊可以大大降低長鞭效應，但不能完全消除它,克服長鞭效應的方法,克服長鞭效應的方法_2,克服長鞭效應的方法_3,克服長鞭效應的方法_4,資訊導致更有效的預測,Information for Effective Forecasts,Pricing,promotion,new products,Different parties have this information,Retailers may set pricing or promotion without telling distributor,Distributor/Manufacturer might have new product or availability information,愈多未來需求的資訊能夠被加以考慮，預測的正確性就愈高,協同預測、供應鏈中所有參與者分享並使用相同的預測工具將導致長鞭效應的降低,系統整合的資訊,Information for Coordination of Systems,Information is required to move from local to global optimization,Questions:,Who will optimize?,How will savings be split?,Information is needed:,Production status and costs,Transportation availability and costs,Inventory information,Capacity information,Demand information,利用資訊來協助 找到客戶需要的產品,Locating Desired Products,How can demand be met if products are not in inventory?,Locating products at other stores,What about at other dealers?,What level of customer service will be perceived?,利用資訊來協助前置時間的縮短,Lead-Time Reduction,Why Lead-Time Reduction?,Customer orders are filled quickly,Bullwhip effect is reduced,Forecasts are more accurate,Inventory levels are reduced,How?,EDI,POS data leading to anticipating incoming orders.,RFID,資訊與供應鏈的互抵效果,Information to Address Conflicts,Lot Size Inventory:,Advanced manufacturing systems,POS data for advance warnings,Inventory-Transportation:,Lead time reduction for batching,Information systems for combining shipments,Cross docking,Advanced DSS,Lead Time Transportation:,Lower transportation costs,Improved forecasting,Lower order lead times,Product Variety Inventory:,Delayed differentiation,Cost Customer Service:,Transshipment,Q&A,