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Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,#,Green Accounting for Sustainable Development,可持续发展的绿色核算,International and World Bank Experience,国际和世行经验,Magda Lovei,Sector Manager,Environment,East Asia and Pacific Region,The World Bank,1,Outline提纲,Introduction前言,International experience国际经,验,验,TheWorldBanks Adjusted NetSavings methodology世行经,过,过调整,的,的净储,蓄,蓄方法,AdjustedNetSavingsinAsia亚洲经,过,过调整,的,的净储,蓄,蓄,Looking ahead未来发,展,展,2,1 Introduction前言,Assetaccounting forsustainabledevelopment可持续,发,发展的,资,资产核,算,算,3,A conditionforsustainabledevelopment可持续,发,发展的,一,一个条,件,件,Societysreal wealthisnotdeclining overtime社会真,正,正财富,是,是不随,时,时间而,下,下降的,Real wealthconsistsof真正财,富,富包括,：,：,Producedassets生产的,资,资产(buildings,machines,vehicles,etc.,),)accountedforinthe National Accounts,Otherassets其它资,产,产(expanding themeasure of wealth),Natural resources,Humancapital,Socialcapital,4,Empiricalevidence,:,:Theimportance of human andsocialcapitalascomponentofwealth实例：,人,人力和,社,社会资,本,本在财,富,富中的,重,重要程,度,度,5,Empiricalevidence,:,:Large differenceinthe composition of naturalcapitalacrosscountries实例：,自,自然资,本,本各国,差,差异很,大,大,6,2 Internationalexperience国际经,验,验,Examplesofaccounting forassetdepreciation资产折,旧,旧核算,案,案例,7,Capturingrentsfromnatural resources,ExamplefromNorway获取自,然,然资源,的,的租金,挪威,案,案例,Significantamounts of rents generatedbyoilindustrybut withhighfluctuations,Forests generate substantial rents but rents accruetoprivate sector,(,(whichisalsosubsidized),Oiland gas,Resource rents andtaxes,(,(1985-1996),Forestry,Resource rents andtaxes,(,(1985-1995),8,Assessingthe“cost”ofequity,Example fromNorway净资产,的,的费用,评,评估,挪,挪威案,例,例,Fisheries,Resourcerentsandsubsidies(1985-1995,),),Norwaychosetosupportsmallscalefisheriestopromoteregionaldevelopment,Fisheriesdonot producepositiverents,Norevenue collection,Highlysubsidizedindustry,9,Reinvestingrentsinto other forms of capital,Example fromBotswana把租金,再,再投向,其,其他形,式,式的资,本,本波,斯,斯瓦那,案,案例,Mineral revenues are35%ofGDP矿产收,入,入占GDP的35,Government hasdeveloped“SustainableBudgetIndex,“,“(SBI,),)政府开,发,发了可,持,持续预,算,算指数,SBImeasureshow muchofthe mineralrevenuesare convertedtootherformsofassets,(,(includingexpendituresoneducation andhealth,),),Government guideline:norevenuefrom miningshouldbeusedforcurrentexpenditure,10,3 The World Bank,sAdjustedNetSavings,(,(ANS)Methodology世行经,过,过调整,的,的净储,蓄,蓄方法,Anindicatorfor sustainability一个衡,量,量可行,性,性的指,标,标,11,Adjustednetsavings,(,(ANS)经过调,整,整的净,储,储蓄,ANSmeasuresthe changeintotalwealthover time,Sign andmagnitudeofANS arekeyindicatorsofsustainability,Decomposition of ANSenables identification of policyrecommendations,NegativeANS,(,(i,.,.e.declineoftotalwealth,),)calls for:,Improve fiscalandmonetarypolicy,Investmoreinhumancapital,Changepoliciesand encourageoverexploitation of naturalresources,Improve policies thatencourage betterpollutionmanagement,12,Adjustednetsavings经过调,整,整的净,储,储蓄%of GNI2002占国民,总,总收入,的,的百分,比,比2002,13,Empiricalevidence实例,Lowincome countrieshave thelowestANS,Lowerincome lower savings,Lowerincome,higherdependenceonnatural resources,East Asiaand pacifichavethehighestANS,(,(becauseofveryhigh gross national saving),MiddleEastandNorthAfrica havethe lowestANS,(,(becauseofoil extraction,),),14,Implicationsfor sustainability acrossregions可持续,性,性的区,域,域比较,MiddleEastandAfricaareonanunsustainablepath LatinAmericahaslow savingsrates,East Asiabenefitsfrom highNationalSavings,(,(2002),15,Starkdifferencesbetween traditional andadjustednetsavings传统和,调,调整后,的,的净储,蓄,蓄的差,异,异,Sub,-,-SaharanAfrica,-,-AdjustedNetSaving revealsadifferentstoryfromtraditionalmeasuresofsaving,16,4 Adjustednet savingsinAsia亚洲调,整,整后的,净,净储蓄,Evidenceandresearchneeds,17,Comparinggrossand adjusted netsavings储蓄总,量,量和调,整,整后的,净,净储蓄,比,比较,18,Indonesia,natural resourcesexploitationhas increasedwith thecrisis印度尼,西,西亚,自,自然资,源,源的开,发,发已经,增,增加危,机,机,19,Malaysia,educationexpenditureisanimportantpartofinvestments马来西,亚,亚教,育,育是投,资,资的重,要,要部分,20,China,asuccessfulstorybutwithmore to learn中国,一,一个成,功,功的故,事,事但仍,有,有很多,需,需要学,习,习,21,5 Lookingahead未来,Challenges andopportunities挑战与,机,机遇,22,Challenges挑战,Environmental accounts aremostlyusedinindustrializedcountries,Assetaccountsareseldom usedtoassess sustainability,Sustainabilitycanonlybemeasuredifallassets areincluded,(,(e.g.need to do moreworkonsoil erosion,groundwater,fisheries,),),Controversyover measurement of monetary valueshasmadeitmore difficulttoattract policymakers,International comparisons areimportantbut methodologiesdiffer widelyacrosscountries(exceptANS),23,Opportunities forChina中国的,机,机遇,High potentialtogobeyondcurrentassetaccounting to analyzenationallyrelevantissues,Ongoing effortson,costofenvironmentaldegradationcan be exploitedforimprovedassetaccounting,Useresearchresultsonlocalairand water pollution,Useinformationonsoilerosion,Accesstointernationalexperience andexamplestomultilateralinstitutions,24,Concluding remarks,“Greening”nationalaccountsisanimportant steptoward measuringsustainabilityandinforming policymaking,Also import
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