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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,English Grammar,Edited and Published,For Your Reference Only,简明英语语法,第二讲冠词和数词,冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(,the Definite Article,),另一种是不定冠词(,the Indefinite Article,),还有一种是零冠词(,Zero Article,)。,.1,不定冠词的用法,不定冠词,a (an),与数词,one,同源,是,一个,的意思。,a,用于辅音音素前,一般读作,e,,而,an,则用于元音音素前,一般读做,en,。,1),表示,一个,,意为,one,;指某人或某物,意为,a certain,。,A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.,2),代表一类人或物。,A knife is a tool for cutting with.,Mr. Smith is an engineer.,3),词组或成语。,a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden,2.2,定冠词的用法,定冠词,the,与指示代词,this,,,that,同源,有,那(这)个,的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。,1,)特指双方都明白的人或物:,Take the medicine.,把药吃了。,2,)上文提到过的人或事:,He bought a house.,Ive been to the house.,他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。,3,)指世上独一物二的事物:,the sun,,,the sky,,,the moon,,,the earth,4,)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:,the dollar,美元,;the fox,狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:,the rich,富人,; the living,生者。,5,)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词,only,,,very,,,same,等前面:,Where do you live?,I live on the second floor.,你住在哪?我住在二层。,Thats the very thing Ive been looking for.,那正是我要找的东西。,6,)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:,They are the teachers of this school.,指全体教师,),They are teachers of this school.,(,指部分教师,),7,)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:,She caught me by the arm.,她抓住了我的手臂。,8,)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:,the Peoples Republic of China,中华人民共和国,the United States,美国,9,)用在表示乐器的名词之前:,She plays the piano.,她会弹钢琴。,10),用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:,the Greens,格林一家人,(,或格林夫妇,),11),用在惯用语中:,in the day,in the morning (afternoon,,,evening),the day after tomorrow,the day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky (water,,,field,,,country),in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,in the middle (of),in the end,on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre,2.3,零冠词,1),国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:,England,,,Mary,;,2,)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;,They are teachers.,他们是教师。,3,)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;,Failure is the mother of success.,失败乃成功之母。,4,)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;,Man cannot live without water.,人离开水就无法生存。,5,)在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;,We go to school from Monday to Friday.,我们从星期一到星期五都上课。,6,)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;,The guards took the American to General Lee.,士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。,7,)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词 如,:,have breakfast,,,play chess,8,)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;,I cant write without pen or pencil.,没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字,.,9,)当,by,与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,,中间无冠词;,by bus,,,by train,;,10,)有些个体名词不用冠词;如:,school,,,college,,,prison,,,market,,,hospital,,,bed,,,table,,,class,,,town,,,church,,,court,等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义(某种行为);,go to hospital,去医院看病,go to the hospital,去医院,(,并不是去看病,而是有其他目的,),11),不用冠词的序数词;,a.,序数词前有物主代词,b.,序数词作副词,He came first in the race.,c.,在固定词组中,at (the) first,first of all,from first to last,(p21-22),2.4,冠词与形容词,+,名词结构,1),两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。,He raises a black and a white cat.,他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。,The black and the white cats are hers.,这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。,2),如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。,He raises a black and white cat.,他养了一只花猫。,2.5,冠词位置,1),不定冠词位置不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意:,a.,位于下列形容词之后:,such,,,what,,,many,,,half,,,I have never seen such an animal.,Many a man is fit for the job.,b.,当名词前的形容词被副词,as, so, too, how, however, enough,修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:,It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.,So short a time.,Too long a distance.,c. quite,,,rather,与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。但当,rather,,,quite,前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如:,quite a lot,d.,在,as,,,though,引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时不定冠词放形容词后:,Brave a man though he is,,,he trembles at the,sight of snakes.,他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级,形容词之后。,2),定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在,all,,,both,,,double,,,half,,,twice,,,three times,等词之后,名词之前。,All the students in the class went out.,班里的所有学生都出去了。,2.6,数词,(P69-77),表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。,一、基数词,1,)基数词写法和读法:,345,three hundred and forty-five,;,2,)基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:,a.,与,of,短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连 用,如,scores of people,指许多人;,b.,在一些表示,一排,或,一组,的词组里; 如:,They arrived in twos and threes.,他们三三两两的到达了。,c.,表示,几十岁,;,d.,表示,年代,,用,in +the +,数词复数;,e.,在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:,3 x 5 = 15,Three fives is (are) fifteen.,数词总结:,1,。基数词和序数词的形式。(复合数字,307586610,),大概数目(,hundreds of people, millions of birds,),dozen, score,用法相同。 ( 十二个鸡蛋;六打;八十;好几十个人;成打的鸡蛋),2,。第五,第九,第十二,第十九 (,CharlesV,),3,。,一些习惯用法:,1),年份,公元前,,,公元(,A.D.,一般置于年份前),2),日期,3,)加、减、乘、除、面积,4,)时刻,5,)电话号码,分机( ),6,),温度,7,)倍数,分数,小数,百分数,8,)编号:,line7 Room(NO.) 131 Bus 208 Apartment402,二、序数词 序数词的缩写形式:,first-1st,second-2nd,thirty-first-31st,三、 数词的用法,1,)倍数表示法,a.,主语,+,谓语,+,倍数(或分数),+ as + adj. + as,I have three times as many as you.,我有你三倍那么多。,b.,主语,+,谓语,+,倍数(分数),+ the size (amount,,,length) of,The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.,地球是月球的,49,倍。,c.,主语,+,谓语,+,倍数(分数),+,形容词(副词)比较级,+ than,The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.,今年比去年粮食产量增加,8%,。,d.,还可以用,by+,倍数,表示增加多少倍,The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.,今年粮食产量增加了,4,倍。,2,)分数表示法构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于,1,时,分子的序数词用单数,,分母序数词用复数:,1/3 one-third,;,3/37 three and three-sevenths,第二讲练习和作业,练习册,(P10-15; P23-26),作业:复习并下列区别限定词并各写出一个句子,(1) both, neither, either,(2)no one; nobody,(3) every; everybody; everyone; everything;,
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