动词不定式(高三)

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,主讲教师 毕勤,动词不定式,一、学习目标,不定式的基本形式是“小品词,to+,动词原形”，但有时也可省去“,to”,。不定式既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词，形容词和副词的句法功能。,（一）,.,不定式的形式,不定式有,6,种形式，以动词,write,为例,不定式进行式表示动作正在进行，通常与限定动词表示的动作同时发生，如：,They are said to be building another bridge across the river.,I happened to be going that way too.,不定式完成式表示的动作发生在限定动词表示的动作之前，如：,I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.(I am sorry that I have given you so much trouble.),I am glad to have seen your mother.,（二）,.,不定式的时态,一般说来，不定式一般式表示的动作有时与限定动词表示的动作同时发生，也有时发生在限定动词表示的动作之后。如：,Who heard him say that?,He seems to know this.(It seems that he knows this.),I hope to see you again.(I hope that Ill see you again.),They invited us to go there this summer.,（三）,.,不定式的句法功能,（,1,）作主语,To talk with him is a great pleasure.,To know something about English is one thing;to master English is quite another.,不定式短语作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以先形词,it,作行式主语，而把不定式短语置于谓语动词之后，如：,Its nice to hear your voice.,（,2,）作表语,Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.,The problem is to find a solution.,Her wish is to become an artist.,注：不定式作系动词,be,的表语与表示将来“,be+,不定式”结构的主要区别是，前者不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，而后者不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如：,Your job is to clean the windows.,（不定式作表语）,You are to clean the windows.,（“,be+,不定式”结构）,（,3,）作宾语,常用于及物动词,:want,hope,wish,like,need,hate,offer,prefer,begin,start,remember,continue,try,ask,mean,intend,attempt,decide,determine,expect,forget,agree,intend,plan,know,learn,promise,pretend,refuse,afford,manage,help,等之后，如：,Tom refused to speak on the radio for$1000 a minute.,She determined to study harder.,You should continue to learn as long as you live.,注,1,：如果作宾语的不定式又有自己的补语，则须用先行词,it,作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语不定式后置，如：,I consider it better not to go.,They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.,When Marx was already in his fifties,he found it important to study the situation in Russia.,注,2,：不定式一般不能作介词的宾语，只有在极少数介词如,:but,except,等后边才行。此时不定式可以带,to,或不带,to,如：,In very cold winter weather a cold-blooded animal has no choice but to lie down and sleep.,There was nothing left to do but clean the windows.(,前边有,do,to,省略）,但“疑问词,+,不定式”结构可以作介词的宾语，如：,In one of his books,Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.,I have no idea about what to do next.,（,4,）作宾语补足语,通常用于及物动词或动词短语：,want,wish,ask,order,beg,tell,permit,know,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,require,call on,wait for,等之后，如：,The teacher asked the students to hand in their homework.,Will you permit an old student to shake hands with you?,My doctor advised me to go to the park for a change of air.,（,5,）作定语,不定式作定语时，须放在被它修饰的名词或代词之后。通常有以下几种情况：,A.,被修饰的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑宾语，如：,I have a lot of work to do.,Have you got something to say?,B.,不定式说明它所修饰的名词或代词的内容，如：,In the old days the poor had no chance to go to school.,Tom thought out a plan to punish Mary.,C.,被修饰的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，如：,The room was quite dark inside,so he made some candles to give light.,如果不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点，工具，不定式后面就应有必要的介词，如：,A good way to begin with is to ask the question:what is sugar made of?,He is looking for a room to live in.,There is nothing to worry about.,*,如果不定式所修饰的名词是,time,place,或,way,不定式后面习惯上要省略介词，如：,He had no money and no place to live.,*,当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，又可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。所以如果修饰名词的不定式的动作是主语作的,不定式用主动,试比较：,Have you anything to send?,你有什么东西要寄吗？,(,不定式,to send,的逻辑主语是,you),Have you anything to be sent?,你有什么要,(,我或别人,),寄的东西吗？,(,不定式,to be sent,的逻辑主语是已被省略的,me,或,someone else),Ive got letters to write.,He has something to say to you.,但是，在以,there is(are),引起的句子中，无论用来修饰主语的不定式用主动语态或被动语态，其意义一般没有区别，如：,There is no time to lose(or:to be lost),There is a lot to say(or:to be said)about this book.,有时作定语的不定式与修饰的名词或代词中间夹有句子的其他成分,(,定语，状语等,),，如：,Ive got something very important to say.,（,6,）作状语,A.,作修饰动词的目的状语,They ran over to welcome the students.,We must do everything we can to help them.,During the next ten years we both worked night and day to pay for the necklace.,不定式作目的状语如果放在句子前面，则更为正式一些，语气也较重，如：,To be a teacher of the people,one must first be their pupil.,当强调不定式所表示的目的时，可与,in order(to),或,so as(to),连用。,so as(to),引出的目的状语只能置于句尾，,in order(to),引出的目的状语在句首句尾均可。如：,How much do you want in order to do it?,In order to master English we must work hard at it.,He was so poor now that he even had to sell some part of his set so as to have money to buy some food.,in an effort(to)(,以便，力图，尽力,),也是和不定式连用表示目的的，如：,The soldiers were kept busy hurrying from one town to another in an effort to control the people.,B.,作修饰动词的结果状语,不定式结果状语常表示一种事先没有预料到的情况或结果，需放在被修饰动词的后面，如：,What have I said to make you so angry?,有时为了进一步加强意料不到的语气，在表示结果的不定式前还可加,only,，如：,I went to see him only to find him out.,C.,作修饰动词的原因状语,不定式置于句子后边，表明造成主语感情变化的原因，如：,We jumped with joy to hear the news.,The whole nation was in deep sorrow to learn of Premier Zhou Enlais death.,D.,作修饰表语形容词的状语,:,修饰形容词的不定式用主动,:,The chair is comfortable to sit in.,In his early childhood Tom was slow to learn to talk.,E.,作修饰补语形容词的状语,We found the problem difficult to solve.,Do you think him easy to work with?,F.,在以下两种结构中，作结果状语或程度状语。,1too