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,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,语法讲解（一）,句子成分,一,.,概述,1.,句子是由,作用不同的各部分,组成的，这些组成部分就叫做句子成分。,2.,句子成分可以是,单词,，也可以是,短语,或,从句。,3.,在句子中起主要作用的句子成分有主语和谓语，称之为,主要成分,；起次要作用的有宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语，表语等，称之为,次要成分,。,二,.,词类和句子成分的关系,！,要熟练地去分析句子结构，就首先要了解词类相互间的关系以及词类与句子成分的关系。,1.,词类,（,1,）名词（,noun,）,代词（,pronoun,）,数词（,numeral,）,形容词（,adjective,）,动词（,verb,）,副词（,adverb,）等六大词类,可在句子中单独作一定的成分，统称为实词。,（,2,）冠词（,article,）,介词（,preposition,）,连接词（,conjunction,）,感叹词（,interjection,）等四大词类在句子中,不能单独构成句子成分，只起辅助和连接作用，统称为虚词。,2.,词类相互间的关系,（,1,）形容词、数词通常修饰名词，有时名词也可修饰另一名词,;,形容词也可修饰代词。,实例解析,The three tall and strong men are all basketball players.,解析：数词,three,和形容词,tall,、,strong,都修饰名词,men,。,此外，,名词,basketball,修饰名词,players,。,The writer often writes something interesting about children.,解析：形容词,interesting,修饰不定代词,something,。,（,2,）副词常修饰动词、形容词和副词,实例解析：,The girl plays the piano quite well.,解析：副词,well,修饰动词,play,另一副词,quite,修饰副词,well.,The film is very instructive.,解析：副词,very,修饰形容词,instructive.,虚词,冠词一般只用于名词前，起辅助指明名词的含义。,介词与它后面的名词或代词构成介词短语，才能在句子中作一定的成分（定语，状语，表语，宾语补足语等）,连词起连接词、词组和句子的作用。,感叹词指用作句子里的独立成分，一般放在句首。,实例解析,（,1,）,The League members of Class One are having the League meeting in the school yard.,解析：三个冠词,the,分别指明,League,members,League,meeting,和,school yard.,而,介词短语,of Class One,作定语修饰,the League members,而,另一介词短语,in the school yard,则作状语修饰谓语,are having.,（,2,）,Oh,it,is raining so hard that we have to stay indoors.,解析：,oh,是感叹词，在句中作独立成分。,而,that,是连词，起连接状语从句,we have to stay indoors,的作用。,3.,词类和句子成分的关系,！,词类和句子成分本是两个完全不同的语法概念，但却密切联系，因为词类在句中所起的作用不同，就形成了句子的各个不同的成分。,主语,主语是句子要说明的人和物，是句子的主体。,（,1,）名词，代词，数词常在句中用作主语，另,the+adj,.,表某一类人或某一类事物或某一抽象概念时也可做主语。,（,2,）动名词，动词不定式和主语从句也能做主语。,例句分析,1.,Mr.Smith,is a famous writer.,2.,He,reads,newpaper,every day.,3.,Two and six,is eight.,4.,The old,are taken good care of here.,5.,Somking,is harmful to your health.,6.To swim,in the,Changjiang,River,is a great pleasure.,7.,What,we shall do next,is not decided.,谓语,谓语是用来说明主语的动作或状态。,动词在句子中作谓语。,例句分析,1.The new term,begins,on the 1st Sep.,2.He,showed,me his new car.,3.He,is,a student.,4.I,can speak,English.,5.Great changes,have taken place,in China since1978.,6.Rice,is grown,in the south.,宾语,1.,及物动词涉及到的人或物称为动词宾语。介词后面的成分称为介词宾语。,2.,名词，动词，数词在句中常作动词宾语或介词宾语。,动词不定式常作动词宾语。,动名词和宾语从句可作动词宾语和介词宾语。,例句分析,1.Tom lent,me a novel,to read in the bus.,2.The medicine is good for,a cough,.,3.-,How many books,do you want?,-I want,four.,4.She tore,the cloth,in,two,.,5.Please give,the letter,to,her.,6.He likes,to ask questions.,7.Would you mind,coming earlier tomorrow?,8.Mary is good at,playing chess.,9.He asked,me what I was going to do in spring.,宾语补足语,1.,宾语补足语是,接在宾语后面,补充说明宾语,的动作、特征、状态的充分。,2.,名词，形容词，副词可作宾语补足语。,动词不定式，现在分词，过去分词以及介词短语等也可做宾语补足语。,例句分析,1.We made him,chairman,.,2.My coming late this morning made the teacher,angry,.,3.He found the meeting,over,when he arrived there.,4.You should put your things,in order,.,5.The doctor advised him,to stay in bed,for a week.,6.I saw the students,playing football,.,7.You must have your hair,cut,.,表语,1.,表语是,跟在系动词的后面,用来,说明主语,的身份、状态或者特征的成分。,2.,名词，代词，形容词，副词，数词能做表语。,介词短语，动词不定式，动名词，现在分词，过去分词以及表语从句也可作表语。,例句分析,1.Im,a teacher,.,2.Who is,there,?-Its,I/me.,3.He is always,careless,.,4.The football match is,on,.,5.One and two is,three,.,6.All the students are,on the playground,now.,7.His dream is,to become an actor,.,8.His job is,teaching English,.,9.The glass is,broken,.,10.The news is,cheering.,11.The question is,who can really repair the machine.,定语,1.,定语就是用来修饰名词或代词的成分。,2.,单词作定语时，常放在所修饰的名词之前，但修饰复合不定代词时，则后置。,此外,，短语和从句作定语时，也要后置。,3.,形容词，名词，代词，数词，副词可作定语。,介词短语，动词不定式，动名词，现在分词，过去分词以及定语从句也能作定语。,例句分析,1.Well build,our,motherland into a,great modern socialist,country.,2.I have something,important,to tell you.,3.There are,few women,workers in the factory.,4.The,oil,workers,here,come from,Daqing,.,5.There are,ten,desks in the room.,6.Yesterday,he made a report,on modern science,.,7.As he has lots of work,to,do,he,is often the last one,to leave the office,after work.,8.The girl,playing the piano,is Mary.,9.The building,built last year,is our teaching building now.,10.This is the new book,which I bought yesterday.,状语,1.,修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的成分就叫状语。,2.,副词常作状语。,介词短语，动词不定式，现在分词短语，过去分词短语，以及状语从句也可作状语。,3.,部分形容词，一些表时间的名词词组也能作状语。,例句分析,1.He runs,fast,.,2.The little boy is,very,lovely.,3.Dontt ride,too fast,.,4.There is a bottle of wine,on the table,.,5.Ill be free,before ten oclock tomorrow,.,6.They went there,to visit their friends,.,7.,Hearing,the noise,I turned round.,8.,Having,done my shopping,I returned home.,9.,Asked,why he was,late,he,went red.,10.,Being,ill,I stayed at,home.(being,+,表语做状语时，常表原因,),11.,When the bell,rang,the,student was waiting in his seat,.,12.I recognized you,the moment/minute/,instant,或,immediately/directly I saw you,.,13.He will leave for Shanghai,the day after tomorrow,.,14.,Tired,and,hot,we,had to stop to have a break.,15.He returned to his,hometown,safe,and,sound,.,THANK YOU!,
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