循环系统X线诊断英文课件

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,循环系统X线诊断英文,循环系统X线诊断英文循环系统X线诊断英文,循环系统X线诊断英文循环系统X线诊断英文循环系统X线诊断英文,Section 1 The Heart,Section 1 The Heart,1.Types of Heart in the Plain Films,In the normal condition,a heart often appears in the horizontal,（横型）,oblique,（斜型）,and pendulous,（悬垂型）,type respectively on a posteroanterior radiograph of the heart.,1.Types of Heart in the Plain,The angle of the cardiac axis,（心轴角）,:it is an acute angle formed by a line from the conjunction of the great vessules of the right cardiac border and the right atrium,（心房）,to the cardiac apex,（心尖）,and a horizontal line which passes through the cardiac apex.,心轴角：右心缘大血管与右房交界点至心尖的连线，与水平线的夹角。,The angle of the cardiac axis（,The horizontal type,（横型）,45 (52 55),Three types of the heart in the plain film,The horizontal type（横型）,In the pathological states,the heart can be deformed in the mitral,（二尖瓣型）,aortic,（主动脉型）,and general enlarged,（普大型）,type separately.,In the pathological states,th,A type of the heart can derive from several heart diseases.For example,The mitral type of the heart may originate from pulmonary heart diseases,rheumatic heart diseases,congenital heart diseases of shunt from left to right.,The aortic type of the heart may come from hypertensive heart diseases,rheumatic heart diseases(involing aortic valves),congenital heart diseases,cardiomyopathy.,The general enlarged type of the heart may come from cardiomyopathy,pericardial effusion.,A type of the heart can derive,2.Different routine projections of the,cardiac atria and ventricles,PA:posteroanterior radiograph,（后前位）,LL:left lateral radiograph,（左侧位）,RAO:right anterior oblique radiograph,（右前斜位）,LAO:left anterior oblique radiograph,（左前斜位）,2.Different routine projectio,PA:posteroanterior radiograph,（后前位）,PA:posteroanterior radiograp,LL:left lateral radiograph,（左侧位）,LL:left lateral radiograph（,RAO:right anterior oblique radiograph,（右前斜位）,cardiac atria are distinguished from cardiac ventricles.Two cardiac atria locate in the posterior superior part of the heart and two cardiac ventricles overlap and settle down in the anterior inferior part of the heart.,RAO:right anterior oblique ra,LAO:left anterior oblique radiograph,（左前斜位）,the shadow of the heart is divided into two halves of the right heart and left one.The right one stays in the front and the left one rests on the back.,LAO:left anterior oblique rad,3.The cardiothoracic ratio(,心胸比率,),Calculation of the cardiothoracic ratio has been the simplest and most frequently used method for measurement of the heart.,The cardiothoracic ratio,=(A+B)/C,The ratio is defined as the value of the transverse dimension of the heart divided by the innner dimension of the thoracic cavity at the level of crossing the dome of the right hemidiaphragm.,3.The cardiothoracic ratio(心胸,Relation between size of the heart and the,cardiothracic ratio:,Normal heart less than 0.52,Slight enlargement 0.52 0.55,Moderate enlargement 0.56 0.60,Severe enlargement more than 0.60,Relation between size of the h,4.Changes of pulmonary blood,Pulmonary arterial pleonaemia(,肺充血,),：,means that pulmonary arteries have been broadened in all its trunks and branches.,Pulmonary venous pleonaemia(,肺淤血,),：,refers to the situation that excessive blood stagnates in the pulmonary veins.So,the lung fields have an attenuated radiolucency and seem like ground glass.,4.Changes of pulmonary blood,5.Pulmonary edema(,肺水肿,),In interstitial edema(,间质性肺水肿,),，,both pulmonary hila exhibit enlargement and hazy shadows.The lung markings appear abundant with fuzzy margins.These blur the border of the heart associated with dilation of bilateral upper pulmonary veins.,In alveolar edema(,肺泡性肺水肿,),，,there are large patchy opacities surrounding the pulmonary hila in the shape of a butterfly.The shadows of the arches fade out in the heart.,5.Pulmonary edema(肺水肿)In int,Cases in the Heart,Cases in the Heart,Case 1.,正常心脏三位片,The thoracic cage remains symmetrical.All the seen bones are nothing remarkable.,The trachea locates centrally without deviation.The lungs are clear,while the lung markings are natural and regular.Both pulmonary hila show neither enlargement nor decrease.,The heart and great vessels appear normal in their position,size and shape.The cardiothoracic ratio is 0.48,and all the shadows of the arches show naturally in the margins of the heart.,The diaphragm has a smooth surface with sharp costophrenic angles.,Case 1.正常心脏三位片The thoracic ca,On the LL radiograph,the spaces exist in the precardiac and retrocardiac clearances.There is no significant change in the shadows of the arches of the heart.,On the RAO radiograph,all the shadows of the arches appear clear and nature in the heart.There is no compressive displacement in the esophagus.Nothing is remarkable in the