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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Urinary System泌尿系统,Urinary System泌尿系统,Composition,Kidney,肾,form urine,Ureter,输尿管,conduct urine from kidneys to bladder,Urinary bladder,膀胱,receives and stores urine,Urethra,尿道,conducts urine from bladder to exterior of body (discharged),Kidney,肾,General features,Bean shaped, reddish-brown organs,Superior extremity,broad and thin,Inferior extremity,narrow and thick,Anterior surface,convex,Posterior surface,flat,Lateral border,convex,Kidney,肾,Medial borderconcave,Renal hilum,肾门,a vertical slit on the medial border of kidney,Renal pedicle,肾蒂, the structures which enter and leave the renal hilum，including the renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis, lymphatic vessels and nerves,Order of structures in the renal pedicle,From anterior to posterior,renal V, renal A, renal pelvis.,From superior to inferior,renal,A.,renal,V.,renal,pelvis.,Kidney,肾,Renal sinus,肾窦,The renal hilum extends into a large cavity within the kidney,Contents:,Occupied by the renal vessels, minor renal calices, major renal calices, renal pelvis and some adipose tissue,kidney,Renal structure肾的结构,Renal cortex,肾皮质,renal columns 肾柱,Renal medulla,肾髓质,Renal pyramids,肾锥体,(1520),Renal papilla,肾乳头,Papillary foramina,乳头孔,Minor renal calices,肾小盏,(78),Major renal calices,肾大盏,(23),Renal pelvis,肾盂,Renal cortex consist of renal units,，which produces the urine,kidney,Coverings of kidney,Fibrous capsule,纤维囊,Fatty renal capsule,脂肪囊,Renal fascia,肾筋膜,kidney,Coverings of kidney,Fibrous capsule,纤维囊,A strong fibrous capsule which strips easily from a normal kidney surface but adheres firmly to an organ that has been inflamed,kidney,Fatty renal capsule,脂肪囊,A thick adipose connective tissue capsule, surrounds the fibrous capsule,It acts as a shock absorber to protect the kidney from jolting and jarring,Renal fascia,肾筋膜,On outside, surrounds both the kidney and suprarenal gland,Holding these organs in place,kidney,Position of Kidney,Lie behind the peritoneum, high up on the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the vertebral column,Upper pole nearer to media plan than lower pole,Kidney,Left kidney,Lies at the level from the lower border of T11 to intervertebral disc between L2-L3,The 12th rib is behind its middle part of the post surface,Right kidney,Lies slightly lower than the left kidney, at the level from the upper border of T12 to L3,The 12th rib is behind its upper part of the post surface,Renal hilum,At the level of L1,About 5cm from the posterior median line,Renal region,The area between 12th rib and the lateral margin of erector spinae,Renal segments肾段,The kidney is divided into five vascular segments and each is supplied by a branch of the renal artery; between the segments there is no anastomosis,.,Renal segments,Superior segment,Superior anterior segment,Inferior anterior segment,Inferior segment,Posterior segment,Resin corrosion cast of human kidneys. Ureter, pelvis and calyces are yellow; aorta, renal arteries and their branches are red.,Coronal multislice CT scans of the right and left suprarenal glands.,CT renal venogram. Acquired from a multislice CT examination and reconstructed as a 3D surface shaded reformat.,Variations,Renal calculus (stone in the kindey),肾功能衰竭kidney failure,尿毒症uremia/toxuria,肾移植kidney transplantation,Ureters,输尿管,Muscular tube, about 20-30cm long and 0.5-1.0cm wide (diameter),Divisions,Abdominal part,输尿管腹部,descend on the psoas major behind the peritoneum,Pelvic part,输尿管盆部,in females, passes 2cm lateral to the neck of uterus and lies below the uterine artery,Intramural part,输尿管壁内段,passes obliquely through the bladder wall for 1.5cm long,Ureters,输尿管,Three constrictions,1st constriction:,at pelvoureteric junction,2nd constriction:,where ureter crosses the pelvic inlet and iliac vessels,3rd constriction:,at intramural part,Multislice CT urogram.,Coronal reformat showing the enhancing renal parenchyma and both ureters along their entire length.,Multislice CT urogram.,3D-surface shaded reformat showing the kidneys, ureters, bladder and surrounding bony anatomy.,Stone in ureter,Urinary,bladder,膀胱,General features,pyramidal in shape when empty, having,Apex,膀胱尖,Fundus,膀胱底,Body of bladder,膀胱体,Neck,膀胱颈,Normal volum of bladder,adult：350-500ml,maxium：800ml,newborn：110 of adult,Urinary,bladder,膀胱,Trigone of bladder,膀胱三角,Smooth triangular area at inner surface of the funds of bladder,Formed by internal urethral orifice anteriorly and two ureteric orifices laterally,In this area absents submucosal layer, where the mucous membrane is firmly adherent to the muscular coat, and is always smooth,Interureteric fold,输尿管间襞,Muscular elevation,Between ureteric orifices.,Urinary,bladder,膀胱,Position,In the adult,it lies,in the lesser pelvis, behind the pubic symphysis, in front of seminal vesicle, ampulla ductus deferentis and rectum in the male, and in front of uterus and vagina in the female.,In the young child,the empty bladder projects,above the pelvic inlet,Urethra,尿道,Female urethra,Relatively,shorter,(about 3-5cm long),wider,and,straight,Internal orifice of urethra 尿道内口,External orifice of urethra尿道外口,：opens into vaginal vestibule,
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