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,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,习 题 讲 解,2007.10,第一题 算术平均法求流域平均降雨量,主要概念：,降雨量：时段内降落到地面上的一点或一定面积上降雨,总量,。点降雨量、面降雨量、单位,mm,。,降雨量累计过程线,:,从降雨开始至某时刻的降雨量与该时刻时间之间的关系。,首先，计算累计降雨量,桃树岭,时段,降水量,(mm),累积,(mm),13:44,0.0,0.0,14:00,14.1,14.1,14:10,4.9,19.0,14:40,51.8,70.8,15:20,19.0,89.8,15:45,7.2,97.0,17:00,0.6,97.6,18:00,1.0,98.6,其次，查图并线性内差,桃树岭,时段,累积,(mm),13:44,0.0,14:00,14.1,14:10,19.0,14:40,70.8,15:20,89.8,15:45,97.0,17:00,97.6,18:00,98.6,53.5,14:10,14:40,桃树岭,13:30,0,14:00,14.1,14:30,53.6,15:00,80.4,15:30,92.7,16:00,97.1,16:30,97.3,17:00,97.6,17:30,98.1,18:00,98.6,插值结果如下图,最后，得出流域各站降水量累计过程,时间,雨量站,算术,高坞岭,蒋家村,和睦桥,姜湾站,庄边站,桃树岭,里蛟坞,范坞里,佛堂,葛岭,13:30,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,14:00,3.4,5.0,7.6,0.0,11.5,14.1,8.5,0.1,0.1,14.5,6.5,14:30,59.0,35.0,23.9,8.0,45.0,53.6,25.8,13.1,13.7,39.7,31.7,15:00,84.5,65.0,38.1,21.6,58.1,80.4,54.2,36.9,27.2,55.4,52.1,15:30,93.6,70.6,52.3,30.8,71.2,92.7,56.9,38.8,33.6,60.1,60.0,16:00,94.2,76.1,59.3,31.4,73.1,97.1,64.0,44.7,39.9,64.7,64.5,16:30,94.2,76.1,59.3,32.0,73.3,97.3,64.0,44.7,39.9,64.9,64.6,17:00,94.5,76.3,59.5,32.6,73.5,97.6,64.0,45.2,39.9,65.0,64.8,17:30,94.6,76.5,59.8,32.8,74.4,98.1,64.0,45.4,40.3,65.2,65.1,18:00,95.6,76.7,60.2,33.0,74.7,98.6,64.0,45.6,40.7,65.4,65.5,范例,注意：点与点之间要直线相连,第二题泰森多边形的制作方法图解说明,泰森多边形制成后的效果,第三题：等雨量线方法计算流域平均降雨量,等雨量绘图,初步图,趋势外延,分析,第四题：降雨强度历时曲线,存在的问题,1.,不会计算！,2.,作图时没有单位或单位标注错误！,计算出不同历时相应的最大平均 强度，并列成表，再绘制平均强 度历时曲线。,计算过程,0.5h,时段,降雨量,(mm),13:3014:00,5.4,14:0014:30,23.4,14:3015:00,20.2,15:0015:30,8.0,15:3016:00,4.7,16:0016:30,0.2,16:3017:00,0.2,17:0017:30,0.3,17:3018:00,0.3,题（,2,）中得到的,时段雨量,时段长,（,h,）,最大时段降雨量,(mm),起止时间,0.5,23.4,14:0014:30,1.0,43.6,14:0015:00,1.5,51.6,14:0015:30,2.0,56.3,14:0016:00,2.5,61.7,13:3016:00,3.0,61.9,13:3016:30,3.5,62.1,13:3017:00,4.0,62.4,13:3017:30,4.5,62.7,13:3018:00,计算时段最大降雨量,计算各时段降雨强度,时段长,（,h,）,降雨强度,(mm/h),0.5,46.8,1.0,43.6,1.5,34.4,2.0,28.2,2.5,24.7,3.0,20.6,3.5,17.7,4.0,15.6,4.5,13.9,第五题：一致性检验,此题目的：要求大家注意对获到的资料的正确性分析或者说是分析不同方法下的数据之间的一致性分析，本题主要是通过降雨资料的不一致性分析的说明此问题。采用双累积曲线。,54,年发生明显偏离,K1=1.0,a=K2/K1=1.3,K2=1.30,年份,X,站,雨量,x,站雨,量修正,x,站修正,前累积,修正后累,积雨量,1938,340.4,377.8,340.4,377.8,1939,271.8,301.7,612.2,679.5,1952,358.1,397.5,4596.1,5101.7,1953,264.2,293.3,4860.3,5394.9,1954,200.1,222.1,5060.4,5617.0,1955,337.8,337.8,5398.2,5954.8,1956,414.0,414.0,5812.2,6368.8,1957,576.6,576.6,6388.8,6945.4,1958,353.1,353.1,6741.9,7298.5,1959,373.4,373.4,7115.3,7671.9,1960,355.6,355.6,7470.9,8027.5,1961,289.6,289.6,7760.5,8317.1,第六题：土壤水分常数的计算,土 壤 容 重：,重量含水率：,体积含水率：,土壤孔隙度：,饱和含水率：,饱和时水深：,（,水文学原理,P66,最上一行）,注意其与饱和度的关系,第七题：土水势的计算,一个均匀装填的,U,型土柱，其一端悬在盛水容器中，容器中水位保持一定，土壤中的水分达静态平衡，求土柱中各点的总势、重力势、压力势、基模势。,A,B,C,D,E,F,6 cm,9 cm,15 cm,15 cm,18 cm,21 cm,基准面,坐标方向,静态平衡平衡,注意！,1.0,势能面的说明！,2.,正方向的说明！,水文学原理,P70,例,5,1,原题,参照状态的选择：可以选在任何处。,重力势用水滴相对于参照状态的位置高度表示。,静水压力势用地下水面以下的深度表示。,基模势用毛管上升高度表示。,由本题题意得此土柱处处势相等,例：参照状态选在水槽盛水溶器底部,向上为正的方向,A,点的重力势为,6cm,，压力势为,9cm,，土水势为,15cm,，依次例推。,解题,
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