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Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Legal Citations & QuotationsFocus on U.S. & PRC Sources,1,Outline,3 Purposes of Citation,3 Elements of Citation,Where to Find the Citation Rules,Basic Guidelines for Citing PRC Sources,Constitutions,Statutes and Regulations,Periodicals,Cases,Internet Sources,Introductory Signals,Short-Form Citations,Formatting,Quotations,2,3 Purposes of Citation,LOCATOR INFO: Help the reader find and verify the source of law or fact that you cite.,E.g.:,8 U.S.C.,1102(b) (2007).,3,2. AUTHORITY:,Show how persuasive the authority is for the proposition stated.,E.g.: It is a copyright violation for a blogger to copy an entire chapter of anothers book.,Smith v. Kline, 576 U.S. 713 (2007).,E.g.: It is a copyright violation for a blogger to copy an entire chapter of anothers book.,See,Steven Gould,Copyright and the,Internet,63 Harv. L. Rev. 713 (1986).,4,3. ATTRIBUTION = Fulfill the ethical obligation to cite to another author if you borrow her words or ideas.,E.g.: No state has a higher rate of high school graduates than Michigan. Steven Gould,Illiteracy Lingers, N.Y. Times, May 3, 2007, at A1.,5,In other words, citation is important to avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism disrespects the author whose words or ideas you borrow and misrepresents to the reader that the work is your own.,6,3 Elements of a Citation,See,8 U.S.C. 1101(b) (2006),(defining “child for purposes of the Immigration and Nationality Act).,Signal,Source or Authority,Parenthetical Information,7,Bluebook,For 75 years, the,standard,.,Prepared by Harv., Yale, Colum., Penn. students.,Revised every 5 years.,Available for purchase in BJ at,Where to Find the Citation Rules,8,Cant Afford the Book? Book Checked out of the Library?,Introduction to Basic Legal Citation,9,ALWD Citation Manual,10,Basic Guidelines for Citing PRC Sources (T.2),Use of Pinyin,For Chinese-language sources, write the name in Pinyin and then write the English translation in brackets.,Shear,jingji,hetongfa,Law on Economic Contracts Involving Foreign Interests,Lun,yu,Analects,11,The best sources for laws, judicial publications,and similar sources, are,official government,sources,.,If a reliable English translation is available,either,cite to it alone,or,cite to both Chinese & English,versions. This helps the English-speaking reader.,E.g.: She wai jing ji tong fa Law on Economic Contracts Involving Foreign Interest (promulgated by the Standing Comm. Natl Peoples Cong., Mar. 21, 1985, effective July 1, 1985), 1985 Fa Gui Hui Bian 321 (repealed 1999),translated in,Isinolaw (last visited Nov. 18, 2004).,12,What if you use a quote from a Chinese source that you have translated yourself?,At the end of the citation, just write “(my translation):,Xu Xun, Zhongguo Xinwen Qinquan Jiufen Sisici Langchao The Fourth Wave of Chinas News Tort Disputes 22, 24 (2002) (my translation).,You dont need to write “my translation if you are merely paraphrasing the source.,13,Constitutions,U.S. Const. art. III, 4,cl,. 2.,U.S. Const. amend. XIV, 2.,Xian,Fa,Constitution art. 35, 1 (2004) (P.R.C.).,14,Statutes and Regulations,U.S. Code:,15 U.S.C. 212 (2000).,Title # Section Year of cited code,edition (not year,act was passed),15,Dept of Transportation Act,Pub. L. No. 89-670, 9,80 Stat. 931,944-47,(1966).,Name of act,Public Law #,Pincite to section of Public Law,Statutes at Large citation,Pincite to Statutes at Large pages,Year enacted,U.S. Federal Session Law:,16,Federal Acquisition Regulations for National Aeronautics and Space Administration,55 Fed. Reg. 58,782 (Dec. 21, 1990),Title,Volume & Page # of Fed. Reg.,Date,Federal Register (U.S.),17,Code of Federal Regulations (U.S.),7,C.F.R., 319.7,(1999),Title #,Section,Date of code edition cited.,18,Li fa fa Law on Legislation art. 12 (promulgated by the Standing Comm. Natl Peoples Cong., Mar. 15, 2000, effective July 1, 2000) 2000 Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Quan Guo Renmin Daibiao Da Hui Changwei Yuan Hui Gong Bao Standing Comm. Natl Peoples Cong. Gaz. 200.,Document name,Pincite,Promulgating authority,promulgation date, effective date,Source,volume, name, pincite within source.,PRC Law (,法律,):,19,Citations for other PRC “legal documents, such as those below, follow the same format as for laws:,Administrative Regulations (xingzheng fagui),Administrative Rules (xinzheng guizhang):,Local Regulations (difang fagui),Local Administrative Rules (difang xingzheng guizhang),Judicial Interpretation (sifa jieshi):,Hong Kong Basic Law (xianggang jiben fa),20,Guanyu Fabiao He Chuban Youguan Dang He Guojia Zhuyao Lingdaoren Gongzuo He Shenghuo Qingkuang Zuopin de Buchong Guiding Supplementary Rules Regarding Distribution and Publication of Work Concerning the Life Situation of Important Party and National Leaders (promulgated by Zhongxang Xuanchuan,Document name in Chinese,English translation,Pincite,Promulgating authority & promulgation date,Effective Date,Source,21,Baokan Kanzai Xujia Shishi Baodao Chuli Banfa Provisions Regarding the Handling of Publications that Publish False or Inaccurate Reports arts. 2, 3 (promulgated by the Ge. Admin. of Press and Publns,Document name in Chinese,English translation,Pincite,Promulgating authority & promulgation date,Effective Date,Source,(P.R.C.) if needed for clarity,22,Books,2,Richard H. Fallon & Liu Mingli,Trial and Error,59,(7th ed.,1998).,Volume (if multivolume work),Authors full names per publication (“ for more, use 1st authors name “et al.),Title (italicized),Pincite to page or ,Parenthetical with year published & edition # (if any),23,Book with Chinese,Title:,Xu Xun,Zhongguo Xinwen Qinquan Jiufen Sisici Langchao,The Fourth Wave of Chinas News Tort Disputes,22,(2002),Pinyin title followed by English translation in brackets (italicized),24,Periodicals,Nonconsecutively paginated (e.g., most newspapers): each issue begins at page 1.,Consecutively paginated (e.g., most .): For any given volume, the 1,st,issue begins at page 1, the 2,nd,issue begins where the 1,st,left off, etc.,25,PeriodicalsConsecutively Paginated,Kenneth R. Feinberg,MediationA Preferred Method of Dispute Resolution,16,Pepp. L. Rev.,26,5,279,(1989),Authors,Title,Vol #,Periodical name (abbreviated per T.13),Page # where article starts,Pincite,Year of publication,26,Wang Jiangyu,Maimai Hetong Chengli De Yiban Guizi Yu Guoji Maoyi Zhong de Geshi Zhi Zhan,The General Rules of the Formation of Sale Contracts and the Battle of Forms in International Trade,8,Minshang Fa Luncong,Civil and Commercial L. Rev.,545 (1997).,27,PeriodicalsNonconsecutively Paginated,Kenneth R. Feinberg,MediationA Preferred Method of Dispute Resolution,N.Y. Times,June 15, 1990,at A1.,Date of publication as shown on cover,Page #,28,Xu Xun,Xinwen Qinquan Jiufen De Disici Gaofeng Qi The Fourth Wave of News Torts Disputes, Zhongguo Qingnian Bao China Youth Daily,Feb. 11, 2002,at 7.,Date of publication as shown on cover,Page #,29,Cases,Name of case,Source (volume, reporter, start page),Pincite,Name of ct & year of decision,Smith v. Jones,123 P.3d 554,558,(N.M. Ct. App. 2004),Basic style for U.S.:,30,U.S. Supreme Court,Jones v. Smith, 123 U.S. 512 (1982).,Official Reporter:,United States Reports,Court omitted because obvious from reporter.,31,U.S. Court of Appeals,:,Smith v. Jones, 123 F.3d 912 (7th Cir. 1992),Reporter:,Federal Reporter,(F., F.2d, F.3d),32,U.S. District Court,:,Smith v. Jones, 123 F. Supp. 912 (D. Idaho 1996),Kelly v. Duran, 234 F. Supp. 123 (E.D.N.Y. 2003),Reporter:,Federal Supplement,(F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d),33,State Court,s,Chaudhary v. Gen. Motors Corp.,224,(Cal.,Ct. App.,1982).,Case name,Reporter,State, Ct., Year,34,P. N.W. S.W. N.E. S. S.E. A.,35,Which Reporter to Cite?,Cite to West regional reporter if therein.,Otherwise, cite to states official reporter.,See T.2 for reporters by state.,Documents filed with state cts may require “parallel citations, but not necessary in memos or scholarly writing.,36,Case Names,Case name in italics,Shorten case name by:,List only first party on each side of the “v.,For individual, list only surname., but never abbreviate “United States (i.e., the govt) if it is a party).,E.g.: How would you write this case name? Samuel Silverstein and Nettie Silverstein v. United States Gypsum Company,37,Parenthetical Information,Dissenting or concurring,Subsequent history of case,(revd, affd).,Smith v. Jones,123 P.3d 554, 558,(N.M. Ct. App. 2004) (Katz, J., dissenting),revd, 125 P.3d 558 (N.M. 2005).,38,PRC,Case F,ormat:,Zhong Tian Intl Co. v. Shanghai Bi Chun Trade Devp Co.,31 Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Zui Gao Renmin Fayuan Gong Bao Sup. Peoples Ct. Gaz. 70,May 30, 1992,at 26,(Sup. Peoples Ct.,April 13, 1992).,Case Name,Source,Pincite,Court,Date of decision,39,Douglas Gantenbein,Mad Cows Come Home,Format the citation like the analogous offline source (e.g., case or periodical). Append the complete URL at the end of the citation.,Slate,is like an online periodical, so use similar format.,Internet sources,40,If there is no “analogous offline source (e.g., blog, company homepage), format like this:,Stella Smith,Review of The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy,12,(Sept. 29, 2005),.,Author,Title,Pincite (if any),Date,URL,41,Show “last visited date if Internet material is undated:,Du Shugui Yu Ri Bei Tiqi Gongsu Public Prosecution Commenced Against Du Shugui,Minzhu Luntan Democratic Forum, (last visited Oct. 7, 2006).,42,Dont cite,just,to the Internet for a source widely available in print, but parallel citations OK:,Marcel Kahan, Corporate Constitutionalism, 152 U. Pa. L. Rev. 345 (2003), available at :/abstract=416605.,Indicates second way to locate the source.,43,Introductory Signals,(,Bluebook,Rule 1.2),A signal sends a shorthand message to the reader about the,relationship,between the,proposition,stated and the,source,cited.,Indicate support: no signal,see, cf.,Indicate contradiction:,contra,but see,but cf.,Sometimes,e.g.,tags along.,44,no signal,Use no signal if source directly states the proposition of the text or to identify the source of a quotation.,Example 1: New York does not recognize a common law right to privacy.72,-,72 Roberson v. Smith.,Example 2: “Educational segregation deprives minority children of equal educational opportunities.73,-,73 Brown v. Board of Educ.,45,Use,see,where the source stands for the proposition of preceding sentence but not explicitly. Parenthetical explanation usually helpful.,Example 1:,Utah does not recognize a common law right to privacy.,44,-,44,See Stevens v. Jones ,(complaint seeking damages for unauthorized publicity of plaintiffs portrait dismissed for failure to state a claim).,See,46,Example 2:,Because Jones did not act intentionally or recklessly, she is not guilty of criminal contempt.,22,-,22,See Yellow v. Orange, 100 F. Supp. 58 (S.D.N.Y. 1951).,47,Example 3: A conference of this type does not constitute a “meeting under the Sunshine Law.13,-,13 See Mitchell v. Sch. Bd. of Leon Cty. (holding the Sunshine Law inapplicable to meetings between the superintendent and the school boards attorney).,48,C,f.,means compare. Use it with authorities that support your proposition by analogy or demonstrate a related point. Include an explanatory parenthetical.,Example 1:,Racial segregation in public schools violates the Fourteenth Amendment.,13,-,13,Brown v. Board of Educ.,Cf. Bolling v. Sharpe ,(holding that segregation in District of Columbia schools also violates Fifth Amendment).,Cf.,49,Example 2,: NPCs powers include the authority to enact all basic laws (jiben fa).,22,-,22,Xian Fa,supra,note 8, art. 62.,cf.,Perry Keller,Legislation in the Peoples Republic of China, 23 U. Brit. Colum. L. Rev. 653, 661 (1989) (stating that although basic law is not defined in Chinas constitution, it is generally accepted as referring to statutes. which have a fundamental effect on the whole of society).,50,Contra,Opposite of “no signal. Cited authority directly states the contrary of the proposition.,Example: Boston University law students are the most motivated students in the country.54,-,54 See Ronald Cass, BU Rules, 83 B.U. L. Rev. 1009, 1010 (2003). Contra Joan Wexler, Brooklyn Law Students Most Motivated in Country, 69 Brook. L. Rev. 345 (2003).,51,But see,Opposite of “see. Cited authority directly contrary to proposition but not explicitly.,Example: This type of conference does not constitute a “meeting under the Sunshine Law.22,-,22 But see Mitchell v. Sch. Bd. of Leon Cty., (holding the Sunshine Law applicable to meetings between the superintendent and the school boards attorney).,52,But cf.,Opposite of “cf. It signifies an authority that supports a proposition analogous to the contrary of the main proposition. Again, a parenthetical explanation is “strongly recommended.,Example: Racial segregation in public schools violates the Fourteenth Amendment.22,-,22Brown v. Board of Educ But cf. Bolling v. Sharpe (holding that segregation in District of Columbia schools does not violate Fifth Amendment).,53,E.g.,may tag along,E.g. can be used with any other signal.,Most state statutes require that the defendant act intentionally or recklessly.22 A defendant, therefore, should not be guilty if he acted negligently.23,-,22See, e.g., N.Y. Penal Law 50 (McKinney 1980); Or. Rev. Stat. 32 (1985).,23See, e.g., Blue v. Green, 400 F.2d 12 (7th Cir. 1972) (defendant “just careless); Gold v. Brass, 394 F.2d 42 (D.C. Cir. 1971) (defendant “merely inadvertent).,54,Short Form Citations,“Id.(Bluebook Rule 4.1),Use “id. when citing the immediately preceding authority:,text Chalfin v. Specter, 233 A.2d 562 (Pa. 1967). text Id. at 563.,55,for Cases,Long citation:,Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co., 162 N.E. 99 (N.Y. 1928),Short form citations:,Id.,at 101 (only to refer to immediately preceding authority).,Palsgraf, 162 N.E. at 101 (use first partys name as long as not a common litigant).,56,for Books & Periodicals,Id. at 32 (immediately following full cite),Levin, supra note 10, at 95 (not immediately following). If the piece you are writing doesnt use footnotes, delete the words “note 10.,(“Ibid. is used in Australia and Canada, but,is not Bluebook style.),57,Formatting,Spacing for Abbreviations (6.1(a),Dont close up single capitals with longer abbreviations: ., ., .,In periodical names, close up adjacent capitals, except set off those referring to place or institution: ., .,58,Section, = section; = sections.,In citations, use the “ symbol.,In the text, spell out “section.,Note the spacing: 8 U.S.C.4-21-8.,59,Pinpoint Cites for Multiple Pages or FNs(,Bluebook,Rule 3.3(d),Spanning multiple pages: 426 U.S. 529,531-546,Nonconsecutive pages: 436 U.S. 529,531, 533,Footnote: 436 U.S. 529,531,.,Multiple footnotes: 436 U.S. 529,Page & footnote on different page: 436 U.S. 529,60,Capitalization in Headings & Titles(,Bluebook,rule 8),Capitalize the initial word,Capitalize the word immediately following a colon,Capitalize all other words except,Articles (a, an, the),Conjunctions (connect words, clauses, or sentences) of 4 or fewer letters (so that, as long as, as if, and, but, or, for, of, both and, who, that),Prepositions (link verb/noun with another) of 4 or fewer letters (at, by, from, in, into, of, on, to, with),61,Related Authority(,Bluebook,Rule 1.6(d),What if you want to cite,Source A, which in turn cites or discusses,Source B,?,Always take a look at,Source B,yourself to make sure it is accurately described in,Source A,.,Write the citation like either of the following:,21 U.S.C., 61 (1994),quoted in,Milnot Co. v. Richardson, 350 F. Supp. 221 (S.D. Ill. 1972).,Milnot Co. v. Richardson, 350 F. Supp. 221 (S.D. Ill. 1972) (,quoting,21 U.S.C. 61 (1994).,62,Quotations,63,Accuracy Counts!,Quote accurately, including spelling, capitalization, punctuation.,64,Short Quotations,If quotation = 50 words, it should be,block-indented and single-spaced.,Do not use quotation marks at the beginning or the end of the block quotation.,The block quote should be separated from text (above and below) by a double space.,The indentation should be one tab on both the right and the left.,The citation is not part of the block quote.,67,Longer Quotations,Retain the paragraphing of the original source. In other words, further indent the first line of a,.,68,Quotations within Quotations:,Short Quotations,Use single quotation marks to designate a quotation within a quotation in a short quotation.,“The court held that the defendant was completely out of order.,69,Quotations within Quotations,Longer Quotations,Use double quotation marks to designate a quotation within a quotation in a block indented quotation.,The court held that the unruly defendant was “completely out of order when the defendant banged his fists on the table and yelled several obscenities in the jurys direction. Because of the defendants conduct, and refusal to stop when asked, the court held the defendant in criminal contempt of court.,70,Altering Quoted Material,Enclose an altered letter in square brackets,Original = “The court held,Modified = Moreover, “the court held,Original = “In the latter event, the court held,Modified = “The court held,71,Adding, Changing, or Deleting One or More Letters,Enclose added, changed, or deleted material in square brackets.,Original = state,Modified = stated,Indicate an,omission,of one or more letters by inserting empty brackets.,Original = stated,Modified = state ,72,Substituting or Adding Words:,Instead of altering one letter, it sometimes makes more sense just to replace the entire word.,If you substitute or add words to a quotation, enclose those words in square brackets.,Original = “The court held for Mr. Jamison.,Modified = “The court held for the defendant.,73,Altering Typeface,If you add or delete italics, say so in a parenthetical that follows the citation.,(emphasis added).,(emphasis omitted).,(second emphasis added).,74,Mistakes within Original Quoted Material,Original material may contain mistakes, such as spelling and grammatical errors.,You may correct all mistakes and place square brackets around the corrections you made.,You may uze sic to note the error appears in the original.,75,Omissions within Quoted Material:,Use an ellipsis to indicate the omission of one or more words (. )., = one space,Note the space before the first period.,Space after last period unless followed by a close quotation mark: . . .,76,When Not to Use an Ellipsis,Do not use an ellipsis before or after a quote that is obviously incomplete sentence (i.e., there is text on either side of the quoted material) in the context in which it is used.,The Supreme Court held that while “students are entitled to freedom of expression
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