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Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,胃癌免疫组化标记物介绍,乳腺癌个体化治疗中的常见生物标志物检测,1. N Engl J Med. 2004 Dec 30;351(27):2817-26; 2.,Nat Med. 2011 Mar;17(3):304-12,;,Nature Medicine,Pages:,304312,Year published:,(2011),DOI:,Nature Medicine,Pages:,304312,Year published:,(2011),DOI:,DNA,RNA,Protein,HER2 ISH,BRCA1/BRCAR2 Mutations,21-gene Signature (Oncotype Dx),1,ER,PgR,HER2,Ki-67,A hypothetical situation is presented in which cancer therapy is adapted to counter the emergence of drug resistance.,2,WHO(2010),消化系统肿瘤组织学分类,三、胃肿瘤,上皮性肿瘤,癌,腺癌, 8140 /3,乳头状腺癌, 8260 /3,管状腺癌, 8211 /3,黏液腺癌, 8480 /3,低粘附性癌,(,包括印戒细胞癌和其他亚型,) 8490 /3,混合性腺癌, 8255 /3,腺鳞癌, 8560 /3,伴有淋巴间质的癌,(,髓样癌,) 8512 /3,肝样腺癌, 8576 /3,鳞状细胞癌, 8070 /3,未分化癌, 8020 /3,神经内分泌肿瘤,神经内分泌瘤,(NET),NET G1(,类癌,) 8240 /3,NET G2 8249 /3,神经内分泌癌,(NEC) 8246 /3,大细胞,NEC 8013 /3,小细胞,NEC 8041 /3,混合性腺神经内分泌癌, 8244 /3,EC,细胞,,5-,羟色胺生成性神经内分泌瘤, 8241 /3,胃泌素生成性神经内分泌瘤,(,胃泌素瘤,) 8153 /3,分类目录中恶性上皮性肿瘤,(,癌,),项下有如下变动:分为腺癌、腺鳞癌、癌伴淋巴细胞间质,(,髓样癌,),、肝样腺癌、鳞状细胞癌和未分化癌,6,大亚型。腺癌不再强调分为肠型和弥漫型,仅在其它分型小节中提及,Lauren,分型,而把乳头状腺癌、管状腺癌、黏液腺癌、低黏附性癌,(,包括印戒细胞癌和其它类型,),和混合性腺癌列为腺癌下的,5,个变型。,2000,年版分类中的印戒细胞癌,新版分类中改为低黏附性癌,即指呈孤立分布或小簇状分布的低分化癌,包括原来的印戒细胞癌、类似于组织细胞或淋巴细胞的癌、具有嗜酸性细胞质的癌以及具有不规则奇异性核的癌,上述几种成分可相互混合,也可几乎不出现印戒样细胞,同时又新增了绒癌、癌肉瘤、壁细胞癌、恶性横纹肌样肿瘤、黏液表皮样癌、潘氏细胞癌、内胚窦瘤、胚胎性癌以及嗜酸细胞腺癌等一些罕见的组织学类型,胃神经内分泌肿瘤,在新分类中此肿瘤被单独列出,分为,5,个类型,其中神经内分泌肿瘤,( NET),又分为,1,级,( NET G1,即类癌,),和,2,级,(NET G2),,神经内分泌癌,( NEC),又分为大细胞神经内分泌癌和小细胞神经内分泌癌、混合性腺癌,神经内分泌癌和产生特异激素的神经内分泌肿瘤,( EC,细胞生成,5-HT,的神经内分泌肿瘤,生成胃泌素的神经内分泌肿瘤(胃泌素瘤,),内容,胃癌诊断相关标记物,靶向治疗及化疗疗效预测相关标记物,胃癌预后及精细化病理报告相关标记物,一,.,胃癌诊断相关标记物,9,1,、少见类型胃癌鉴别诊断,及其相关标记物,上皮细胞,EBER+,您的诊断?,1.1,胃癌伴淋巴样间质,gastric carcinomas with lymphoid stroma,,,GCLs,比例:,8%,。别名:淋巴上皮瘤样癌,髓样癌。,80%,与,EBV,感染有关,男性患者*、近端胃或残胃多见。其余与,MSI,有关(远端胃癌、老年患者多见)。,肿瘤细胞示推挤性边缘,多呈不规则片状分布,合胞体状和多角形细胞伴大量淋巴细胞浸润,有时可见淋巴滤泡,偶见肉芽肿和破骨样巨细胞。,淋巴细胞以,CD8+,的,T,细胞为主,进展期可出现较多,B,淋巴细胞和浆细胞*。,该亚型胃癌预后比普通腺癌较好*,复发率低,淋巴结转移率低,,5,年存活率,77%,。,*,J Surg Oncol.,2013 Apr;107(5):523-8.,*,Pathol Int.,2010 Aug;60(8):551-8.,建议鉴别诊断标记物:,EBER,CKpan,,,CEA,,,EMA,,,CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20,17,IHC: Heppar-1,IHC,:,AFP,IHC,:,CK19,,,CDX-2,,,GPC3,,,GS,您的诊断?,1.2,肝样腺癌,hepatoid adenocarcinoma (HAC),比例:,1.3%-15%,,中国,6.63%,(,317/4779,)*。,形态学:,肿瘤由两种成分(肝样分化区普通腺癌区)组成,之间可见移行,肝样,分化区癌细大、多角形,胞质丰富嗜酸,核大而不规则,居中,核仁明显,,间质富于血窦,类似,HCC,肝样分化区癌细胞胞质内或胞外可见胆汁或,PAS/PAS-D,染色阳性嗜伊红玻璃样小球,目前多数观点认为,并非所有,HAC,中的,AFP,均为阳性,诊断,HAC,必须见到,类似,HCC,组织学特征的肝样分化区。对于那些,AFP,阳性、组织学无肝样,分化区的胃癌归为产生,AFP,的胃癌,主要与,HCC,鉴别。,World J Surg Oncol.,2013 Oct 1;11:246.,建议鉴别诊断免疫标记物,肝细胞癌,肝样腺癌,Heppar-1,+/-,+/-,-,AFP,+,+,CK19,-,+,CK20,-,+/-,CDX-2,-,+/-,GPC3,+,+,GS,+,+,AFP-,胃癌,-,-,+/-,-/+,+/-,-,-,IHC: CK5/6,IHC: P63,您的诊断?,1.3,腺鳞癌,Adenosquamous carcinoma,占所有胃癌的比例:,0.5%,。,每种成分要求比例,25%,;,该类型癌常与深部浸润、淋巴结转移和患者较差预后有关。,建议免疫标记物:,CK5/6,(或加做,34E12,、,P63,、,P40,)和,CK8/18,,,CK7,等。,IHC: Syn,IHC,:,CgA,IHC,:,CD56,IHC: Ki-67,您的诊断?,1.5,神经内分泌癌(大或小细胞),LARGE/SMALL CELL CARCINOMA,少见。,诊断时常为进展期,预后非常差,常在,1,年内死亡。,形态学非常类似肺大或小细胞神经内分泌癌。,建议免疫标记物:,Syn,,,CgA,,,CD56,,,Ki-67,,,TTF-1,,,Ckpan,,,LCA,。,癌肉瘤,carcinosarcoma,少见,预后差。,多表现为大息肉样肿物。,比例不一的腺癌样和肉瘤样成份,肉瘤样成份如骨肉瘤、软骨肉瘤、横纹肌肉瘤和平滑肌肉瘤等。有时也可见腺鳞癌和神经内分泌肿瘤成份。,建议免疫标记物:,Ckpan,(上皮),,CK8/18,(上皮),,CDX-2,(上皮),,Vimentin,(间叶,+,),,S100,(软骨样分化),,Des,(肌源性分化),,SMA,(平滑肌分化),,Myogenin,和,MyoD1,(横纹肌分化)等。,2,转移癌,不常见,病变多表现为大溃疡(,39%,,类似原发癌)、黏膜下肿块(,51%,)或无症状,胃镜下多为孤立性病变,常累及近端胃和胃体。,最常见起始部位,肺(,CK7+, CK20-, TTF-1+/-, NapsinA+/-,),乳腺(,GCDFP-15+,、,Mammaglobin Mammaglobin +,,,ER+, PR+, CK7+, DAS-1+, CDX2-, MUC2-, MUC5AC-, MUC6-,),转移性黑色素瘤(,CK-, S-100+, HMB45+, MelanA+,),二,.,胃癌治疗相关免疫标记物,1.,靶向治疗相关:,HER2,,,c-met, EGFR(HER1),2.,化疗疗效相关,:,41,1.1 HER2,与胃癌,HER2,蛋白是一种跨膜酪氨酸激酶受体,属于,EGFR,家族,尚未发现与,HER2,直接结合的配体,,HER2,通过与其他,EGRF,受体结合成异二聚体发挥作用,HER2,表达与部分重要的临床病理特征相关,肿瘤侵犯深度、受累淋巴结、肠型胃癌和肿瘤分期,HER2,是靶向治疗的预测因素,即,HER2,阳性的患者才适应靶向治疗,IHC,检测,HER2,阳性率为,6.8%34.0%,;,FISH,阳性率为,7.1%42.6%,;而显色原位杂交(,CISH,)阳性率为,12.2%24.0%,各地区,HER2,阳性率比较,国家,入组例数,中国,734,西班牙,2001,法国,267,ToGA,3807,Lourdes Gomez, et al, 2012 ASCO, General Poster Session, #4089,HER-EAGLE Study in China, November 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 11 | e80290,Bang et al; Abstract 4556, ASCO 2009,标本类型与,HER2,阳性率,肿瘤部位与,HER2,阳性率,Lauren,分型与,HER2,阳性率,%,肠型胃癌的,HER2,阳性率较弥漫型和混合型高,ToGA,试验证实人源化抗人类表皮生长因子受体,2(human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, HER2),单克隆抗体曲妥珠单抗能够有效延长,HER2,阳性胃癌、胃食管连接部腺癌患者的生存期,并将曲妥珠单抗联合化疗作为胃癌、胃食管连接部腺癌的标准化治疗方案。因此, 精准的筛选,HER2,阳性的胃癌患者至关重要,。,(,ToGA,试验是一项国际多中心随机对照,期临床研究 ),比较曲妥珠单抗联合化疗与单纯化疗在,HER2,阳性晚期胃癌或胃食管结合部癌患者中的应用(,ToGA,):一项,期、开放式、随机对照研究,-Lancet 2010;367:687-97(,影响因子:),ToGA,试验是第一个使晚期胃癌患者生活质量提高,且生存期超过,1,年的临床试验,体现了个体化治疗的优势,在胃癌靶向治疗中具有里程碑意义,何时进行胃癌的,HER2,检测?,所有,的,胃,或,胃食管结合部癌患者初次诊断,都应,明确,肿瘤的,HER2,状态,HER2,阳性,定义:,HER2,阳性肿瘤是,IHC3+,或,IHC2+/FISH+ (HER2:CEP17 比 2,),根据肿瘤染色面积与细胞膜染色,强度,,IHC,的评分体系为,0-3+,分,IHC 0,IHC 1+,IHC 2+,IHC 3+,肿瘤细胞,肿瘤细胞,正常细胞,染色体的着丝粒探针,HER2,基因,通过,IHC,评估的,HER2,蛋白,通过,FISH,检测的,HER2,基因扩增,HercepTest PI. 3rd ed.,HER2,蛋白表达和基因扩增不一致,52,53,诊 断,印戒细胞癌 (,Lauren,分型:弥漫型;,WHO 2010,:,poorly cohesive type,),Her2 Status: contradictory,IHC focal 3+ (ca. 1%),negative,SISH Ratio 10.5 (ca.200 Cells),positive,原因有以下几点,: (1),组织固定处理、抗体批次不同及观察者之间的判读差异,(2),胃癌,HER2,表达的高度异质性(,5%-30%,),选择组织切片不同、观察的肿瘤区域不同,(3)17,号染色体多倍体,(4)HER2,点突变,这种病例少见,0,FISH/SISH*,+,Eligible for trastuzumab,+1,+3,IHC,Patient tumour sample,+2,*cut off for FISH, SISH = HER2:CEP17 ratio 2,retest,推荐的胃癌,HER2,检测流程,56,过表达与胃癌,MET,:原癌基因,位于,7q31,编码一种跨膜酪氨酸激酶受体,与肝细胞生长因子,(HGF),具有高亲和力,MET,自磷酸化可激活多个信号转导级联,导致癌细胞增殖、血管新生、侵袭和转移,胃癌中,MET,过表达率:,18%-68%,MET MET,阳性肿瘤常伴有浆膜侵犯和其他不利的特征,cMET,过表达与晚期疾病和预后不良显著相关,Pietrantonio F, et al.Anticancer Res 2013;33:1257-66,.,MET,扩增与胃癌术后生存不佳相关,482,例行根治性手术的胃癌患者的组织标本,MET,扩增*的患者比例:,21.2%,术后生存不佳与,MET,扩增相关,*拷贝数,Lee J, et al. Oncol Rep 2011;25:1517-24,.,OS,0,40,80,120,160,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,P=.0134,时间,(,月,),0,40,80,120,160,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,P=.0409,时间,(,月,),MET,基因,(-)/c-MET,活化,(-),MET,基因,(+)/c-MET,活化,(+),MET,扩增,(-),MET,扩增,(+),50.0%,59.1%,OS,53.8%,75.9%,MET,扩增和,cMET,蛋白活化可预测:,胃癌患者生存不佳,多变量分析显示,,MET,扩增和,cMET,蛋白活化可预测胃癌患者生存不佳,变量,HR,(95% CI),P,值,MET,扩增,1.601,(1.078-2.380),0.022,cMET,蛋白活化,2.173,(1.098-4.301),0.013,晚期,2.871,(1.905-4.327),0.0001,Lee J, et al. Oncol Rep 2011;25:1517-24,.,C-met,60,MET/HGF,抑制剂临床研究进展,所处研究阶段,单克隆抗体,Rilotumumab (AMG 102),正在进行胃癌,III,期研究和,SCLC II,期研究,Ficlatuzumab,正在进行,NSCLC Ib/II,期研究,Onartuzumab (MetMAb),正在转移性,HER2,阴性和,MET,阳性胃食管癌患者中进行,III,期研究,MET TKIs,Cabozantinib,(XL 184),已在进行针对,9,种晚期实体瘤的,II,期研究以及针对,CRPC,的,III,期研究,Tivantinib (ARQ 197),已在进行针对,NSCLC,患者的,III,期研究以及针对不同肿瘤的,II,期研究,Crizotinib,(PF-02341066),在其他实体瘤中进行,I,期研究,二,.,胃癌治疗相关免疫标记物,1.,靶向治疗相关:,2.,化疗疗效相关,:,TS,,,TP,,,ERCC1,,,-tubulin III,62,目前胃癌常用化疗药物,氟脲嘧啶类:,5-FU, capecitabine, S-1,紫杉醇类:紫杉醇、多西紫杉醇,铂类:,DDP,、,OXA,(,oxaliplatin,),拓扑异构酶,I,抑制剂:,Irinotecan(CPT-11),蒽环类:,EPI,氟脲嘧啶类 与,TS,胸苷酸合成酶,(thymidylate synthase ,TS),TS,是,5-FU,发挥细胞毒作用的主要靶酶, 5-FU,的代谢产物,dUMP,与,TS,结合形成复合物,干扰,dUMP,与,TS,结合,由此抑制胸腺嘧啶合成,造成细胞周期阻滞,并诱导细胞凋亡,.,胸苷酸合成酶(,TS,)表达与,Lauren,分型有一定相关性。,Ichikawa W,等报道,TS,在肠型胃癌表达高于弥漫型胃癌,而,TS,高表达与以,5-FU,为主化疗敏感性下降有关,,TS,低表达患者的,5,年生存率和对含,5-FU,化疗方案的效果要优于,TS,高表达者,.,Ichikawa,W,et al.Int J Cancer. 2006,TS,66,铂类 与,ERCC1,ERCC1,(核苷酸切除修复交叉互补基因,1,)是第一个被发现的人类,DNA,损伤修复基因,位于,19,号染色体长臂,其编码产物是高度保守的单链,DNA,核酸内切酶,参与,DNA,链的切割和损伤识别。,已证实,ERCC1,参与铂类化疗耐药发生,其表达水平与多种肿瘤铂类化疗疗效和生存期呈负相关,即表达水平低的患者对铂类药物敏感,反之表达水平高的患者表现耐药。,一项,2,期临床试验结果表明免疫组化联合检测,ERCC1,预测铂类耐药的准确度达,82.5%,Hirakawa et al. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2013,ERCC1,69,紫杉类 与,-,微管蛋白,III,紫杉醇类药物能促进微管的聚合,抑制微管解聚,使细胞的有丝分裂停止,导致细胞凋亡,Panda,等对表达不同,微管蛋白亚型的细胞进行研究,发现,-,tubulin III,高表达的细胞,其微管蛋白的动力学活性最高,以至于在紫杉醇作用的情况下,微管蛋白仍有足够的动力完成细胞的有丝分裂,从而在,-,tubulin III,高表达的细胞中表现出对紫杉醇的耐受。,Panda et al.J Med Chem. 2011,Urano,等研究表明,,-,tubulin III,在,36.4%,的胃癌患者中表达阳性,并且,-,tubulin III,表达水平与紫杉醇疗效及患者预后呈负相关。,TP,高表达和,-,tubulin III,低表达的胃癌患者对卡培他滨联合紫杉醇疗效明显提高,可以达到,80%,以上,,OS,也明显延长。,Urano et al.Int J Oncol. 2006,Lu M, Gao J, Wang XC, Shen L.Chin J Cancer Res. 2011,-,tubulin,72,三,.,预后相关标记物及其他,73,1.,精细化病理报告所需诊断标记物,明确浸润深度或怀疑切端,/,吻合圈,+,:,CKpan,疑有脉管癌栓:,CD31,和,D2-40,疑有神经侵犯:,S100,、,CD56,、,NF,等,疑有淋巴结微转移:,CKpan,注:尤其是当组织学类型为低黏附性癌时。,2,、预后相关,细胞周期调节相关蛋白:,P53/P21/P27,细胞增殖:,Ki-67,,,PCNA,细胞黏附分子:,E-cadherin, CD44,其它,细胞周期调节:,P53/P21/P27,P53,可能是癌发生的早期事件,能否作为一个胃癌预后标志还存在争议,但,P53-/P21+,状态或,P53-/P21+/P27+,状态能够预测胃癌患者预后:存活时间更长。,P21,和,P27,是肿瘤抑制基因表达蛋白,由肿瘤抑制基因野生型,P53,激活,通过抑制,cyclin/CDK,激酶复合物活性,调节细胞周期。其表达是独立的胃癌患者预后因素,失表达与胃癌进展、浸润深度以及淋巴结转移有关。,1998 May;43(5):964-70.,Oncology.,2002;63(4):353-61.,细胞黏附分子,: CDH1/E-cadherin,E-cadherin,失表达是独立预后因素。原发癌,+/,转移癌,-,者比二位点均,+,者预后更差。,E-cadherin-/-catenin,核阳性:分化差、黏附丢失、浸润能力强、肿瘤进展、预后差。,细胞黏附分子,: CD44,细胞膜内糖蛋白,参与与内皮细胞之间的黏附。,胃癌阳性率:,19-84%,化疗抑制,预后差,独立预后因素。,3.,其它,EGFR,VEGF+,:预后差。,1996 Mar 1;77(5):858-63.,nm23,:降低与转移相关。,1996;26(12):957-65.,ClinCancerRes.,1999 Jul;5(7):1752-7.,小 结,标志物,作用,证据等级,推荐等级,HER2,预测癌细胞对曲妥珠单抗的敏感性和患者预后,I,A,VEGFR2,潜在预测对,Ramucirumab治疗疗效,I,B,EGFR,IHC 2+/3+者可能对尼妥珠单抗治疗有效,I,B,MET,预测胃癌患者预后,潜在预测对,onartuzumab治疗疗效,III,B,Ki-67,预测癌细胞增殖活性及对化疗药物的敏感性,II-2,A,CD133,反应癌细胞生物学性状以及患者预后等,II-2,B,E-cadherin,失表达是胃癌独立预后因素,II-2,C,P53,胃癌早期发生,预后预测价值有争议,II-3,C,-tublin III,高表达者对紫杉醇的耐受,II-3,C,ERCC1,低表达者对铂类药物敏感,II-3,C,BRCA1,IHC阴性者应用fluoropyrimidine-combined regimen 和,DNA-damaging agents疗效更好,II-3,C,TP,高表达与,5-Fu和卡培他滨的疗效成正相关,且提示预后不良,II-3,C,TS,低表达者对含,5-FU 化疗方案疗效好,II-3,C,胃癌相关免疫组化标记物推荐项目,总 结,1.,基本项目:,HER2,,,Ki-67,,,CD133, VEGFR2,,,EGFR,,,cMET,。,2.,根据,HE,形态,若考虑为特殊类型胃癌或转移可能,选用鉴别相关免疫标记物。,3.,如果需要精细化病理报告,可选择,CD34,,,D2-40,,,Syn,等辅助诊断项目。,4.,根据临床化疗药物选择和预后判断,可在推荐级别为,C,的的项目中选择性进行检测。,81,Thank You,世界触手可及,携手共进,齐创精品工程,谢谢大家!,结 语,
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