考研英语翻译讲座

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,201,6,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,考研翻译,文登考研英语精品,吴杰 讲翻译,1,文登精英考研,英语翻译讲座,第一讲 直译还是意译,抓住要点为第一！,I.,直译与意译,直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中尽量保持原文的形式,特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。例如,:,be armed to teeth,武装到牙齿,Crocodiles tears,鳄鱼的眼泪,chain reaction,连锁反应,win-win,双赢,Achillesheel ？,2,An Achilles heel is a deadly weakness in spite of overall strength, that can actually or potentially lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, metaphorical references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common.,Origin 来源,In Greek mythology, when Achilles was a baby, it was foretold that he would die in battle . To prevent his death, his mother Thetis took Achilles to the River Styx which was supposed to offer powers of invincibility and dipped his body into the water. But as Thetis held Achilles by the heel, his heel was not washed over by the water of the magical river. Achilles grew up to be a man of war who survived many great battles. But one day, a poisonous arrow shot at him was lodged in his heel, killing him shortly after. Still, Achilles is remembered as one of the greatest fighters who ever lived.,在希腊神话中，当阿克琉斯还是一个婴儿的时候，就被预言将在一次战斗中死去。为了避免他的死亡，她的妈妈西蒂斯把他带到可以令他无敌的冥河，把他泡在水中。但是西蒂斯抓住的是阿克琉斯的脚踝，他的脚踝并没有泡到神奇的河水。于是阿克琉斯长大后变成了战士，在很多重大的战斗中都存活了下来。但有一天， 一支毒箭射中了他的脚踝，很快就杀死了他。不过，阿克琉斯仍然被人们认为是曾经最伟大的战士之一。,3,精英考研,英语翻译讲座,go west,上西天,breathe ones last,断气,see God,见上帝,see ones ancestors,见祖先,see Marx,见马克思,go to heaven,进天国,kick the bucket,蹬腿儿了,这些词组短语直接翻译过来，对应了原文的字面意义，保留了原文的生动形象。再如关于“死”的说法，英汉均有非常丰富的委婉表达方法。对于不同的对象，“死”的用法也各有讲究，直译较能生动地表现出原文的风格面貌、形象特点：,4,精英考研,英语翻译讲座,意译,，是指译文与原文因表达方式上的差异，不便或无法将原文的思想内容或形象直接表现出来，需要译者根据原文的意思用自己的话恰如其分地将其译出。这就需要译者付出创造性的劳动，从整体上把握句子或篇章的内容。例如：,1. It rains cats and dogs.,大雨倾盆,2 Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.,船到桥头自然直。（不必自寻烦恼。）,3. Love me, love my dog.,爱屋与乌。,4. Do you see any green in my eye?,你以为我是好欺骗的吗？,5,精英考研,英语翻译讲座,以上各例，均不宜按原文字面意义直接译出，否则，会令人感到莫名其妙，不知所云。,直译与意译是相对的，而不是绝对的。无论直译还是意译，都只能限定在一定的条件和范围内，根据一定的上下文、具体的文体需要而加以处理，如：,Kill two birds with one stone.,按直译法，此句可译作“一石二鸟”；按意译法，此句可译作汉语的成语“一箭双雕”，“一举两得”。不少英语句子根据不同的上下文，既可用直译来翻译，又可用意译来处理。如：,6,精英考研,英语翻译讲座,5. Every life has its roses and thorns.,直译：每个人的一生都既有玫瑰，又有荆棘。,意译：人生总是有苦有乐，甘苦参半。,6. Valuable left in full view can be open invitation to theft.,直译：把贵重物品放在明眼处，等于是给小偷发请帖。,意译：应妥善保管贵重物品，以防被盗。,7. A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.,直译：礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门的钥匙。,意译：大门把你关在外，礼物送到门自开。（礼物是敲门砖。）,8. What the tongue says, the neck pays for.,直译：舌头说话，脖子还账。,意译：舌头闯祸，脖子遭殃。,7,精英考研,英语翻译讲座,II.,运用直译与意译的要点,无论是直译还是意译，均需以理解原文为前提。,直译应当便于理解，切忌望文生义，并非全都按字面译出，譬如：,go to bed,不能按字面理解为“去上床”，而是“去睡觉”,show sb. the door,不是“把门指给某人看”而是“把某人撵出门”,talk shop,不是“谈商店”而是“说行话”,talk horse,不是“谈马”而是“吹牛”,bulls eye,不是,“,牛的眼睛,”,而是靶心,tiger cat,虎纹猫（豹斑猫）,8,精英考研,英语翻译讲座,意译应当注重事实依据，不能无中生有、信口开河，否则就会变成胡译、乱译。在一般的情况下，应当尽量考虑用直译的方法。在直译无法或不便于表达的情况下，可以考虑用意译来解决问题。下面是运用意译的一道英译汉试题。,What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform?,lose professional identity,直译：丧失职业身份,意译：让人看不出职业身份,step out of uniform,直译：从制服中跨出来,意译：脱下（不穿）制服,9,精英考研,英语翻译讲座,参考译文：对于护士、警察、理发师或是服务员来说，还有什么比脱下制服更容易的方法使人们看不出他们的职业身份呢？,或：作为护士、警察、理发师或是服务员，还有什么方法比脱下制服更容易掩盖他们的职业身份呢？,10,精英考研,英语翻译讲座,考题实例：,There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.,届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以与装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。,状语从句,when,在此句中应翻译为“一旦”,When,的不同译法：在以下各例中，,when,都不宜译作“当”、“当,时候”。,11,精英考研,英语翻译讲座,有关,when,的翻译练习：,1. Well go to the countryside at the beginning of June, when the summer harvest will start.,我们,6,月初要下乡去，那时夏收就要开始了。,2. I stayed till noon, when I went home.,我一直呆到中午， 然后就回家了。,3. When the teacher had left the classroom, the pupils started talking.,老师离开教室以后，学生们就喧哗起来。,12,精英考研,英语翻译讲座,4. When that man says “To tell the truth”, I suspect that hes about to tell a lie.,每当那人开口一句“老实说”，我就怀疑他要撒谎。,5. Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.,万一机器发生什么故障，就把电门关上。,6. Insurance companies are obliged to recover the cost of everything insured when it is lost or damaged during the valid period of insurance.,答案：投了保的任何物品，如果在保险期内丢失或损害，保险公司要负责赔偿。,13,考研翻译,文登考研英语精品,14,2007,年：,(1)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.,评析： 从全句角度去把握意思，而非拘泥于某一个词，这是做翻译不容易达到的境界。本句中的,institutions,和,preserve,比较难翻。,15,难点：词义的处理和上下文语境的统一。,重点：,rather than,表达取舍关系。,翻译：传统上来说，法学知识一直被认为是律师们的专利，而非受过教育的人们必备的知识储备。,16,(2) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.,评析： 这句话的关键在于对,which,作用的理解，其实是联系了前后的,links，,并作出比较。,难点：从句很长，要把修饰关系理清楚，,links,同时也是,forge,的宾语。,重点：从句以与,cover，forge,的翻译。,17,翻译：另一方面，法律以某种方式将这些概念,(,公正、民主和自由,),同日常生活中的现实联系起来，这与记者们每天报道和评论新闻事件时建立的联系相类似。,18,(3) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media.,评析： 表示因果关系的动词在考研考试中经常重复,有,lie /rest/depend with/upon,等， 一般翻成“取决于”，“依赖于”。,难点：,established,是“根深蒂固”的意思。,重点：长修饰语的顺序，这点始终是重点。,idea,这个同位语从句的处理。同位语从句一般在,that,后面有完整的主谓宾结构，定语从句则缺乏主语或者宾语。,19,翻译：但是认为记者必须比普通公民更深谙法律的观点，主要来自于对新闻媒体久已有之的传统和特殊责任的理解。,20,(4) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.,评析： 这句话最典型的就是它的形式主语，一般直接翻译真实主语，形式主语忽略不计。,难点：,grasp,是理解的意思，,stories,虽然简单，一般要翻成“事件”，,job,翻成“报道”，因为说得是记者的工作。全句的结构要流畅。,重点：长修饰语顺序的控制和符合中文的表达习惯。,21,翻译：事实上，很难看到对加拿大宪法的基本特点缺乏了解的记者能对政治事件作出具有竞争力的报道。（能胜任报道政治事件的工作）,22,(5) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.,评析： 和上句一样，形式主语以与小词的处理是最不好做的。,难点：,notions of significance,是“是非观，价值观”的意思，很难翻译准确。,重点：,preferable，enhance,的翻译要符合汉语习惯。,23,翻译：虽然来自律师的评论和反应能使事件的报道增色不少，记者们依赖自己的是非观念去作出自己的判断则更为可取。,Significance,preferable,，,enhance,24,2010,年翻译,25,46.Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them,。,【,词汇理解,】,jump to the rescue(,赶来拯救,),，,shaky(,站不住脚的,),，,to the effect that(,其大意是,);eat up(,吃光,),，,fail to(,没有,),。,【,结构理解,】,that,引导的是个同位语从句，,if,引导的是个条件状语从句。,26,【,参考译文,】,科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救（鸟类），其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。,27,47. But we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of ecnomic advantage to us,。,【,词汇理解,】,draw near(,靠近，接近于,),，,intrinsic,固有的，内在的，,presence or absence of (,有还是没有,),28,【,参考译文,】,但我们至少几乎也承认这样一点：不管鸟类是否给我们带来经济上的好处，但鸟类作为生物其固有的权利应该继续存在。,29,48. Time was when biologists somewhat over-worked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on worthless species,。,【,词汇理解,】,Time was when(,曾几何时,),，,overworked(,过度使用，滥用,),，,game(,猎物,),，,prey on(,捕杀,),。,30,【,结构分析,】,that,引导的是个同位语从句，,or,这个并列连词，连接的是个并列的同位语从句。,【,参考译文,】,曾几何时，生物学家们有点过度使用这个证据，即这些物种通过杀死体质弱者来保持猎物的正常繁衍或者这些生物捕杀的仅仅是毫无价值的物种。,31,49. In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason。,【,词汇理解,】,foestry,林业,;,ecologically(,从生态上来说,),，,advanced(,先进的，发达的,),，,be recognized as(,看作是,),，,native forest community(,原始森林群落,),，,as such(,类似地，这样地,),within reason(,合理范围内,),。,【,结构分析,】,where,引导的是个定语从句。,32,【,参考译文,】,在欧洲，林业在生态方面更加发达，无商业价值的树种被看作是原生森林群落的一部分，并得到合理的保护。,33,50. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning。,【,词汇理解,】,it,指代前面出现,the system of conservation，tend to(,倾向于，易于,),，,land community(,土地共同体,),，,lack(,缺乏,),，,commercial value(,商业价值,),，第二个,that,是个代词，指代前面的出现的,many elements。,34,【,结构分析,】,and,是个并列连词，连接的是,to do sth,这样的动词不定式，但其后省略了与前面相同的动词,tends，,第一个,that,是个定语从句，修饰前面的名词,community，but,引导的是个表示转折的连词。,【,参考译文,】,这一系统易于忽视，因而最终会消除掉这个土地共同体里的许多要素,(,成员,),，虽然这些要素,(,成员,),缺乏商业价值，但这些要素,(,成员,),对这个共同体的健康运行来说是必要的。,35,2005,年：,(47) In Europe, as elsewhere,，,multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.,难点,: television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses,是并列关系,要翻成“电视台,电台,报社,杂志社和出版社”,因为最后一个词是出版社,其他的几个虽然是媒体,但是和后面的出版社为并列关系,所以必须翻译成机构。,36,全句译文,:,在欧洲,就像其它地方一样,各传媒集团越来越成功,整合了电视台,电台,报社,杂志社和出版社,并使之相互合作。,37,全句译文,:,在欧洲,就像其它地方一样,各传媒集团越来越成功,整合了电视台,电台,报社,杂志社和出版社,并使之相互合作。,38,(48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.,难点,:,翻译的三字诀是，长句要“拆”,省略上文避免重复的内容要“添”,前后用词重复意思累赘要“减”。,重点,:,本句用“减”字诀。,39,翻译,:,仅仅这一切就足以证实,电视行业绝非容易生存的地方,统计数据表明,欧洲,80,个电视网络中,在,1989,年有不少于,50%,遭受了亏损。,40,(49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.,评析,:,这句话最难处理的就是两个词,: that,和,which,难点,:,长从句必拆,短从句直接放在所修饰的名词前面。长短的尺度自己把握,关键是通顺。,41,重点,:1. the different cultures and traditions,在两个从句中都作句子成份,但是其作用不同,在,that,从句中是宾语,在,which,从句中是主语,所以必须拆分到全句的开头,而促使,creating,这个主语和后面的,is,紧密结合成为主句。,2.,定语从句很长，如何断句呢,?,从,which,开始之后,句子肯定有谓语动词,那么请记住,从句在第二个谓语之后结束,比如,这句话,which,的谓语是,go,此后第二个谓语是,is,则,is,是主句动词,is,之前就是主句的从句了。,42,(49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.,翻译,:,不同的文化和传统将要建立起连接旧大陆的架构，创造尊重这些文化和传统的欧洲身份绝非易事，需要战略上的决策，也就是在欧洲为了欧洲区制作节目。,43,(50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall” and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.”,on such a scale,：,这样规模的,评析：此句结构不难，难在成语的翻译。,难点：成语翻译要照顾中文习惯，一般以四字为多。,44,重点：形式主语直接忽略，翻译真实主语。,翻译：在这一层面上去应付挑战，说“团结则生，分裂则死”是毫不夸张的，而如果我必须选择一句标语，那将是“求同存异”。,45,2006,年,46),I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(,苏格拉底,),way about moral problems.,评析,:,本句最大的特色是谓语和宾语之间存在插入的介词短语成份，也就是在,elected,之后用了一个非常常考的,as，,不解决这一层，这个句子会非常不好理解，下一句的考点也与本句类似。,难点,:,as,一直管制到,in life,而,the activityof thinking,是真实的宾语。,翻译,:,我将把他定义为这样的人，他把以苏格拉底的方式去思考道德问题作为人生首要的责任和乐趣。,46,(47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.,评析,:,这句的长定语从句不是很难理解,但是,revealing,的宾语和,46,句一样，都会使人难以识别，如果知道介词的宾语是,manner,，,此句问题就不大了。,47,难点,: in.manner,是“以,的方式”的意思，一般放在动词的前面去翻译，状语要位于动词之前。,重点,:,理清修饰,reveal,的结构，使得整句比较清晰。,翻译,:,他的功能和法官相似，必须接受以尽可能清晰的方式去说明使自己得出结论的推导过程的义务。,如果觉得这个定语太长，也可以这样翻译：,他的功能和法官的功能很相似，他们都必须接受一种义务，以尽可能清晰的方式去说明自己得出结论的推导过程。,48,48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.,评析：,while,后面这句话要翻得清晰,he,后面这句话是一个否定强调结构,如果没处理好很难通顺。,难点：,contribute to the solution of moral problems,主要是修饰,solution,。,否定强调结构,: not.any but,，,but,也可以等于,only,。,重点：理解强调结构的目的在于衬托后文的,factual aspescts,。,49,翻译：我将一般科学家排除在外是因为，虽然他的成就也许有助于道德问题的解决，但是他从未有义务去研究那些问题事实层面以外的任何东西。,50,49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.,评析： 本句的考点还是否定结构，不过这次不是强调，而是否定类比结构。,难点：否定类比：,not.any more than,重点：后半句还要注意不要把,is expected to dedicate his energies,翻成欧式中文。,51,翻译：尽管道德法则对他的研究行为起到规范的作用，但是他的主要任务不是去思考道德法则，就像商人无需殚精竭虑地去探索商业行为守则一样。,52,(50) They may teach very well , and more than earn their salaries ,but most of them make littleorno independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.,评析：,but,后面的修饰关系围绕一个词：,reflection,，,那么必须注意句子是否翻得通顺。,难点：,reflection,是“思考”的意思，很容易错翻为“反映”。,重点：修饰关系的顺序必须先翻后面，再翻前面。,53,翻译：他们也许教得很好，也不仅仅是为了挣钱，但是他们中的大多数，很少或从未就涉与道德判断的人类问题作出独立思考。,54,精英考研,英语翻译讲座,考研翻译趣谈,A stitch in time saves nine.,She,is as busy as a bee.,Cry up wine and sell vinegar.,Bad news has wings.,Haste makes waste.,谚语翻译,吴杰节选 说翻译一,55,精英考研,英语翻译讲座,小洞不补，大洞吃苦。,她忙得团团转。,挂羊头，卖狗肉。,好事不出门，坏事传,欲速则不达。,56,精英考研,英语翻译讲座,Hsin-mei had never expected there would be an examination of this sort waiting for him after his final examinations in college were over with. The ability to answer questions ambiguously or equivocally that a dozen years of quizzes and examinations had trained in him was now completely rusted.,考研翻译趣谈,文学经典,57,精英考研,英语翻译讲座,辛楣没料到毕业考试以后，会有这一次的考试，十几年小考大考训练成一套虚虚实实、模棱两可的回答本领，现在全荒疏了。（钱钟书 - 围城 ）,58,精英考研,英语翻译讲座,59,