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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Unit 6,Fraud and Academic Dishonesty,In this unit, you will,learn about the concepts “academic integrity” and “academic dishonesty”;,research “Dr. Hwang Woo Suk” on the Internet and find reliable information;,learn words, expressions, and sentence patterns related to the theme and use them in writing and speech;,learn strategies such as listening for emphasis (listening), guessing word meanings from lexical clues (reading), giving evidence for arguments (discussing), and achieving coherence (writing), etc;,give an oral presentation on an assigned topic to the class.,Background,Information,Approaching the Topic,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercises,Background Information,about Academic Integrity,t,he,Healthpartners Research Foundation,Hwang Woo Suk,t,he Committee on Publication Ethics,Science,Nature,about Academic Integrity,Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful., Samuel Johnson,The function of education, therefore, is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. But education which stops with efficiency may prove the greatest menace to society. The most dangerous criminal may be the man gifted with reason, but with no morals We must remember that intelligence is not enough. Intelligence plus characterthat is the goal of true education.,Martin Luther King, Jr.,Hwang Woo Suk is a South Korean veterinarian and researcher. He was a professor of theriogenology and biotechnology at Seoul National University (dismissed on March 20, 2006) who became infamous for fabricating a series of experiments, which appeared in high-profile journals, in the field of stem cell research. Until November 2005, he was considered one of the pioneering experts in the field, best known for two articles published in the journal Science in 2004 and 2005 where he reported to have succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning. He was called the Pride of Korea in South Korea. On May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much of his stem cell research had been faked. The Korea Times reported on June 10, 2007, that Seoul National University fired him, and the South Korean government canceled his financial support and barred him from engaging in stem cell research.,Hwang Woo Suk,HealthPartners is an integrated, nonprofit health care provider located in Bloomington, Minnesota offering care, coverage, research and education to its members, patients and the community. HealthPartners was founded in 1957 as Group Health, a consumer-governed nonprofit health plan with a board of directors made up of its own members and patients. In 1992, Group Health merged with MedCenters Health Plan, and together they formed HealthPartners. In late 2012 it was announced that HealthPartners would merge with Park Nicollet Health Services of St. Louis Park on January 1, 2013 following federal approval,t,he,Healthpartners Research Foundation,Science, also widely referred to as,Science Magazine, is the academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and is one of the worlds top scientific journals. The peer-reviewed journal, first published in 1880, is circulated weekly and has a print subscriber base of around 130,000. Because institutional subscriptions and online access serve a larger audience, its estimated readership is 570,400 people. The major focus of the journal is publishing important original scientific research and research reviews, but,Science,also publishes science-related news, opinions on science policy and other matters of interest to scientists and others who are concerned with the wide implications of science and technology. Unlike most scientific journals, which focus on a specific field,Science,and its rival,Nature,cover the full range of scientific disciplines. According to the,Journal Citation Reports,Science,s 2012 impact factor was 31.027.,Science,Nature,is a prominent interdisciplinary scientific journal. It was first published on 4 November 1869. It was ranked the worlds most cited by the Science Edition of the 2010,Journal Citation Reports,and is widely regarded as one of the few remaining academic journals that publish original research across a wide range of scientific fields. Nature claims a readership of about 424,000 total readers. The journal has a circulation of around 53,000 but studies have concluded that on average a single copy is shared by as many as 8 people.,Nature,Research scientists are the primary audience for the journal, but summaries and accompanying articles are intended to make many of the most important papers understandable to scientists in other fields and the educated general public. Towards the front of each issue are editorials, news and feature articles on issues of general interest to scientists, including current affairs, science funding, business, scientific ethics and research breakthroughs. There are also sections on books and arts. The remainder of the journal consists mostly of research papers (articles or letters), which are often dense and highly technical. Because of strict limits on the length of papers, often the printed text is actually a summary of the work in question with many details relegated to accompanying supplementary material on the journals website.,Nature,The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) is a nonprofit organization whose mission is to define best practice in the ethics of scholarly publishing and to assist editors, publishers, etc. to achieve this. COPE provides advice to editors and publishers on all aspects of publication ethics and, in particular, how to handle cases of research and publication misconduct. It also provides a forum for its members to discuss individual cases (meeting four times a year virtually and at other meetings around the world). COPE does not investigate individual cases but encourages editors to ensure that cases are investigated by the appropriate authorities (usually a research institution or employer). COPE also offers and eLearning course, funds research on publication ethics, publishes a monthly eNewsletter (COPE Digest: Publication Ethics in Practice) and organises annual seminars around the world.,t,he Committee on Publication Ethics,retract,v. to pull (something) back into something larger that usually covers it,e.g. The pilot retracted the planes landing gear.,n.,retraction,impact,n. the act or force of one thing hitting another,e.g. These warnings have been heard so often that they have lost their impact.,resignation,n. an act of giving up a job or position in a formal or official way,e.g. The manager received resignations from three members of the staff.,v.,resign,Approaching the Topic,Reading 1/Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,detrimental,adj. causing damage or injury,e.g. There were serious concerns that the factorys waste was detrimental to the local environment.,taint,v. to make (something) dangerous or dirty especially by adding something harmful or undesirable to it,e.g. Criticism of her sisters singing that was tainted by envy.,bottleneck,n. a section of road or highway where the traffic moves very slowly,e.g. Bridge construction has created a bottleneck on the southern part of Main Street.,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,fabricate,v. to create or make up (something, such as a story) in order to trick people,e.g. Their plan is to fabricate the house out of synthetic materials.,fraud,n. the crime of using dishonest methods to take something valuable from another person,e.g. He was found guilty of bank fraud.,modify,v. to change some parts of (something) while not changing other parts,e.g. We can help you modify an existing home or build a new one.,n.,modification,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,cherry-picking,n. to pick or accept the best people or things in a group,e.g. Hollywoods biggest stars can cherry-pick the best projects and directors.,selectively,adv. carefully choose only the best people or things,e.g. The advertisement selectively targets men between the ages of 18 and 24.,v.,select,acquisition,n. something or someone acquired or gained,e.g. The big companys newest acquisition is a small chain of clothing stores.,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,admittedly,adv. as has been or must be admitted,e.g. Admittedly, I should not have lost my temper like that.,v.,admit,constraint,n. something that limits or restricts someone or something,e.g. Lack of funding has been a major constraint on the buildings design.,v.,constrain,molecular,adj. of or relating to individual or small components,e.g. She studied molecular biology in college.,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,narrative,n. a story that is told or written,e.g. He is writing a detailed narrative of his life on the island.,v.,narrate,straddle,v. to sit or ride with a leg on either side of (something),e.g. The movie straddles too many genres.,sloppy,adj. not careful or neat : showing a lack of care, attention, or effort,e.g. Your work has been very sloppy lately.,erroneous,adj. not correct,e.g. A news article about the new virus that was filled with much erroneous information.,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,discernible,adj. to detect with the eyes,e.g. Her face was barely discernible in the gloom.,v.,discern,intent,n. the thing that you plan to do or achieve : an aim or purpose,e.g. She thinks Im trying to make things difficult for her, but thats not my intent.,deficiency,n. a lack of something that is needed : the state of not having enough of something necessary,e.g. The books major deficiency is its poor plot.,adj.,deficient,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,1) Why have so many papers been retracted from high impact journals?,Because the pressure of an increasingly competitive research environment can lead to scientific misconduct.,2) Why should we combat scientific misconduct?,Because misconduct is detrimental to scientific progress in many ways.,Approaching the Topic,Task 1,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,3) What does the meta-analysis published in 2009 covering 18 fraud surveys imply?,It suggests that scientific misconduct may be more common than we suspect.,4) In what situation are deficiencies resulting from poor experimental design and inadequately controlled or statistically questionable experiments considered misconduct?,If there is discernible intent to deceive.,Approaching the Topic,Task 1,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,1),misconduct,2) retract,3) detrimental,4) taint,5) fraudulent,6) fabricate,7) cherry-picking,8) coverage,Approaching the Topic,Task 2,e. unacceptable or bad behaviour by someone in a position of authority or responsibility,h. take back an offer or statement, etc. or admit that a statement was false,m. causing harm or damage,k. affect with a bad or undesirable quality,n. dishonest and illegal,i. invent or produce something false in order to deceive,b.,selectively choosing (the most beneficial or profitable items, opportunities, etc.) from what is available,a. the reporting of a particular important event or subject,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,9) set-up,10) constraint,11) massaging,12) straddle,13) sloppy,14) discernible,15) deficiency,Approaching the Topic,Task 2,o. the way in which things are organized or arranged,l. state of not having, or not having enough, of something that is needed,c. manipulating (facts or figures) to give a more acceptable result,f. to stretch across something or exist on both sides of something,d. not done carefully or thoroughly,g. perceptible,j. weakness or imperfection,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,_(1) The cloning researcher Woo-Suk Hwang was accused of three offences today, 12 May.,_(2) The Seoul Central District prosecutors office in South Korea charged Woo-Suk Hwang with secretly taking KRW 2.8 billion and using the funds to purchase a car for himself and gifts for family members.,_(3) Five other researchers on Hwangs team were also charged with various offences.,Approaching the Topic,Task 4,False,False,True,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,A German university has withdrawn the doctoral degree of the former Bell Labs scientist who,claimed,a series of research breakthroughs, then was fired two years ago when it was discovered that he had,manipulated,data and fabricated results.,The physicist, J. Hendrik Schn, 33, did not commit an academic,offence,in his doctoral research at the University of Konstanz, an investigation there found last year. But on Friday, the university said it had a legal right to withdraw a degree when the recipient behaved “unworthily” of it.,“That was interpreted here in the,context,of science,” said Dr. Wolfgang Dieterich, chairman of the physics department at Konstanz.,Approaching the Topic,Task 5,1,2,3,4,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,Mr. Schn, a research scientist at Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies research arm in Murray Hill, N.J., was an author or co-author of more than 70 scientific papers on an array of supposed discoveries, like new superconductors and tiny, molecular-scale transistors. The transistors appeared particularly exciting because they seemed to work the same way current silicon transistors do, suggesting that the technology could be straightforwardly,transferred,to computer chips.,Others were unable to,reproduce,any of the findings. Then, in May 2002, outside scientists discovered nearly identical graphs in several of Mr. Schns papers, even though they supposedly represented different data from different experiments.,Four months later, an investigatory,panel,led by Dr. Malcolm R. Beasley, a professor of applied physics at Stanford, found that Mr. Schn had manipulated or fabricated data in 17 papers. Bell Labs fired Mr. Schn and the published papers were withdrawn.,Approaching the Topic,Task 5,5,6,7,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,Mr. Schn apologized for mistakes but insisted that the findings were real.,Soon after he was fired, Konstanz,assembled,a committee to examine Mr. Schns thesis research on solar cells. Dr. Dieterich, who was not part of that investigation, said the committee found instances of,mislabeled,graphs and “some smoothing of data, which was not explained.”,But Dr. Dieterich said, “One could not draw the conclusion that intentionally things have been presented in a wrong way,” and the committee did not accuse Mr. Schn of,misconduct,.,The Konstanz physics department then began its review. It asked Mr. Schn to participate, but the only reply was a letter from his lawyer, Dr. Dieterich said, adding that he would not say what was in the letter.,Approaching the Topic,Task 5,8,9,10,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,1) What do the passage and news share?,Academic dishonesty,.,2) Dr. Hwangs team claimed to have done research in the controversial field of cloning. Whats your view on human cloning research?,3) Whats your opinion on the investigatory panel that cleared Mr. Schn?,4) What could be the potential benefits of scientific misconduct?,5) What are the potential negative influences of scientific misconduct?,Approaching the Topic,Task 7,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,scandal,n. an occurrence in which people are shocked and upset because of behavior that is morally or legally wrong,e.g. There was a major scandal involving the mayors ties with the Mob.,outstrip,v. to be or become better, greater, or larger than (someone or something),e.g. The new hotel outstrips all other hotels in the area in size and luxury.,peer,n. a person who belongs to the same age group or social group as someone else,e.g. He was respected and admired by his peers.,Reading about the Topic,Reading 2/Language Points,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,replication,n. an answer to a reply,e.g. Well need to do a replication of that experiment so we can collect more data.,malfeasance,n. illegal or dishonest activity especially by a public official or a corporation,e.g. The investigation has uncovered evidence of corporate malfeasance.,suspicion,n. a feeling that someone is possibly guilty of a crime or of doing something wrong,e.g. I thought the water might be making us sick, and my suspicions were confirmed by the lab tests.,Reading 2,Language Points,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,swirl,v. to move in circles or to cause (something) to move in circles,e.g. The water swirled around the drain.,outdo,v. to do better than (someone or something) : to be more successful than (someone or something),e.g. Smaller companies often outdo larger ones in customer service.,rival,n. a person or thing that tries to defeat or be more successful than another,e.g. The teams have been longtime rivals.,Reading 2,Language Points,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,embryo,n. a human or animal in the early stages of development before it is born, hatched, etc.,e.g. The unborn child at this juncture is known as an embryo and is extremely small.,hail,n. precipitation in the form of small balls or lumps usually consisting of concentric layers of clear ice and compact snow,e.g. He gave them hail for rain, and flaming fire in their land.,lapse,v. an occurrence in which you fail to think or act in the usual or proper way for a brief time and make a mistake,e.g. He blamed the error on a minor mental lapse.,Reading 2,Language Points,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,accuse,v. to blame (someone) for something wrong or illegal : to say that someone is guilty of a fault or crime,e.g. She was accused of lying on the employment application.,impound,v. to use legal powers to get and hold (something),e.g. The police impounded her car because it was illegally parked.,adhere,v. to stick to something : to attach firmly to something,e.g. The stamp failed to adhere.,outright,adj. complete and total,e.g. I was surprised by their outright rejection of the idea.,Reading 2,Language Points,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,respondent,n. a person who gives a response or answer to a question that is asked especially as part of a survey,e.g. A majority of respondents said they disagreed with the mayors plan.,engage,v. to hire (someone) to perform a particular service : to pay for (help, services, etc.),e.g. He was engaged as a tutor.,burst into,v. to suddenly begin to make a sound, especially to start singing, crying or laughing,e.g. The audience burst into applause.,Reading 2,Language Points,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,deliberate,adj. to think about or discuss something very carefully in order to make a decision,e.g. The jury deliberated for two days before reaching a verdict.,cast out,v. to force someone or something to go away,e.g. They tried to cast out the spirits from the haunted house.,cardiology,n. the study of the heart and of diseases that affect the heart,e.g. He is a doctor who specializes in cardiology.,credibility,n. the quality of being believed or accepted as true, real, or honest,e.g. The
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