高三英语语法专题：名词、冠词、代词和数词

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,标 题,内 容,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,语法专题,名词、冠词、代词和数词,高三英语学生学习课件,目 录,考点要览,点击疑难,实战演练,高三英语学生学习课件,考点要览,高三英语学生学习课件,考点要览,名 词,冠 词,代 词,数 词,高三英语学生学习课件,一、名词,名词词义的辨析及习惯搭配,物质名词和抽象名词的具体化,名词的所有格,名词作定语,名词前多个形容词的排列顺序,高三英语学生学习课件,二、冠词,定冠词和不冠词的基本用法,不加冠词的用法,词组中有无冠词意义不同,冠词的位置,高三英语学生学习课件,三、代词,使用人称代词时应注意的问题,物主代词,名词代替代词,it, one,和,that,的用 法,不定代词,all, both, each, every, either, none,用法,不定代词用法比较,高三英语学生学习课件,四、数词,hundred, thousand, million, dozen, score,等用法,倍数表达式,使用数词时应注意的问题,高三英语学生学习课件,疑难点击,高三英语学生学习课件,疑难点击,名 词,冠 词,代 词,数 词,高三英语学生学习课件,一、名词,名词是用来表示人、事物、地点、现象及其他抽象概念等名称的词，名词分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。 其中专有名词指具体人物、地点、机构、国家或地区的名称等，不能随意更改，较易掌握，而普通名词则较为复杂，它分为可数名词和不可数名词两类：,高三英语学生学习课件,名 词,名词的分类,可数名词的特殊例子,不可数名词的特殊例子,复合名词的复数,值得注意的几类名词,双重所有格用法常见特点,高三英语学生学习课件,1.,名词的分类,个体名词：,teacher,教师,集体名词：,people,人,抽象名词：,happiness,幸福,the United Nations,联合国,名,词,普通,名词,可数,名词,不可,数名词,专有,名词,物质名词：,water,水,Tom,汤姆，,China,中国,高三英语学生学习课件,可数名词的特殊例子,以,-o,结尾的词加,-,es,变复数的名词,以,-O,结尾的词加,-s,变复数的名词,有些以,-O,结尾的名词加,-s,或,-,es,都可以,有些以,-f,或,-,fe,结尾的词直接加,-s,变成复数,通过变化内部元音变复数,词尾加,-en,或,-,ren,变复数的名词,单复数相同的词,复合名词复数的构成,以复数形式存在的名词,在短语中以复数形式存在的名词,高三英语学生学习课件,2.,可数名词的特殊例子,negro,negroes,黑人,hero,heroes,英雄,potato,potatoes,土豆,tomato,tomatoes,西红柿,它们可简化为：黑人英雄在土豆地里吃西红柿,A.,以,-o,结尾的词加,-,es,变复数的名词课本中出现的有：,B.,其余以,-O,结尾的词加,-s,photo,photos,照片,piano,pianos,钢琴,bamboo,bamboos,竹子,高三英语学生学习课件,C.,有些以,-O,结尾的名词加,-s,或,-,es,都可以,zero,zeros(zeroes,),零,zoo,zoos,动物园,volcano,volcanos(volcanoes,),火山,D.,有些以,-f,或,-,fe,结尾的词直接加,-s,变成复数,cliff,cliffs,悬崖,chief,chiefs,首领,roof,roofs,屋顶,gulf,gulfs,海湾,safe,safes,保险柜,高三英语学生学习课件,E.,通过变化内部元音变复数,tooth,teeth,牙齿,foot,feet,脚,mouse,mice,老鼠,goose,geese,鹅,woman,women,女人,policewoman,policewomen,女警察,F.,词尾加,-en,或,-,ren,ox,oxen,牛,child,childen,小孩,高三英语学生学习课件,G.,单复数相同的词,sheep,绵羊,deer,鹿,aircraft,飞机,fish,鱼,cattle,牛,steelworks,钢厂,means,方法,Chinese,中国人,Swiss,瑞士人,Japanese,日本人,H,德国人,Germans,I.,复合名词复数的构成,father-inlaw,fathers-in-law,岳父,editor-in-chief,editors-in-chief,主编,高三英语学生学习课件,K.,以复数形式存在的名词,scissors,剪子,socks,袜子,tweezers,镊子,shoes,鞋子,pincers,钳子,jeans,牛仔裤,handcuffs,手铐,trousers,裤子,glasses,眼镜,gloves,手套,man doctor,men doctors,男医生,woman,driver,women drivers,女司机,J.,高三英语学生学习课件,L.,在短语中以复数形式存在的名词,轮流,take turns,作笔记,take notes,做操,do exercises,如下,as follows,与,交朋友,make friends with,伤人感情,hurt ones,fellings,同,握手,shake hands with,高三英语学生学习课件,3.,不可数名词的特殊例子,A.,有些加一定的量词构成,:,a piece of apple pie,一份苹果派,a bar of chocolate,一条巧克力,a glass of beer,一杯啤酒,a flash of lighting,一道闪电,B.,英语中有些单复数不同含义的单词：,劝告,advice,消息,advices,布,cloth,衣服,clothes,玻璃,glass,眼镜,glasses,高三英语学生学习课件,值得注意的几类名词,部分名词的复数形式表示特别的意思,抽象名词具体化,高三英语学生学习课件,4.,复合名词的复数,:,A.,his mother-inlaws photo,他岳母的相片,B.,the editor-inlaws opinion,主编的意见,C.,a friend of her mother,她母亲的朋友（强调所属）,a friend of her mothers,她母亲的一位朋友（强调她母亲朋友中的一位）,5,值得注意的几类名词,部分名词的复数形式表示特别的意思,：,looks,（外貌）,times,（时代）,greens,（青菜）,works,（著作）,manners,（礼貌）,sands,（沙滩）,高三英语学生学习课件,抽象名词具体化：,表示抽象的特征、状态、思维、行为的一次、一种、一类、一下、一顿等，常组成“,a/an+,抽象名词”或“,a/an+,形容词,+,抽象名词”。,A,动宾结构：,take a look/have a sleep/die a death/take a great interest/get a high opinion/make an apology,B,have a good time,一次好时光,a wonderful breakfast,一顿早饭,高三英语学生学习课件,C,有些名词可由抽象名词完全转变为可数名词，常见的有：,surprise, cold, pleasure, pity, failure, success, worry, honor, experience, must, difficulty, youth, beauty, wonder, danger, interest,等。,例：,a surprise,（一件奇怪的事）,a pleasure,（一件乐事）,高三英语学生学习课件,6,双重所有格用法常见特点：,在无上下文的句子中用双重所有格或,of,表示的所有格皆可，但侧重点不同。试比较,：,a picture of my mothers,指我妈妈拥有的一张照片,a picture of my mother,指我妈妈本人的一张照片,高三英语学生学习课件,冠 词,定冠词和不定冠词,冠词固定用法,单数可数名词前不用冠词的情况,高三英语学生学习课件,二、冠词, 冠词是一种虚词，不能独立使用，只能用在一个名词前，帮助说明这个名词的含义，冠词分为定冠词和不定冠词。,1.,定冠词,the 2.,不定冠词,a (,用于元音音素开头的单词前,),an(,用于元音音素开头的单词前,),高三英语学生学习课件,3.,冠词固定用法：有无冠词，意义有别的短语：,at table,在吃饭,at the table,在桌旁,in office,执政，任职,in the office,在办公室里,in office,执政，任职,in the office,在办公室里,at times,有时,at a time,一次，同时,in hospital (prison),住院（坐牢）,in the hospital (prison),在医院（监狱里）,高三英语学生学习课件,live on farm,靠农业为生,live on the farm,居住在农场,a number of,一些，许多,the number of,的总数,at birth,刚出生时,at birth,一胎，一次生育,in charger of,负责，掌管,in the charger of,由,掌管,/,负责,out of question,毫无疑问,out of the question,不可能,have words with,sb,.,与某人吵架,have a word with,sb,.,与某人谈话,高三英语学生学习课件,take place,发生,take the place of,取代,two of them,他们中的两个,the two of them,他们俩（共两个）,by day,在白天,by the day,按天（计）,on earth,究竟，到底，在地球上,on the earth,在地球上,in front of,在,前面（在范围之外）,in the front of,在,前部（在范围之内）,lose heart,灰心,lose ones heart,喜欢,高三英语学生学习课件,4.,单数可数名词前不用冠词的情况：,表示独一无二的职位、职务的名词用作表语、同位语或补足语时。常见名词有,president, chairman, mayor, head, boss, secretary, leader, professor, monitor,等。,连系动词,turn,后的表语单数可数名词前不用冠词，但在名词前若有形容词作表语时，则必须加冠词。,在,as,或,though,引导的倒装让步状语从句中，其表语名词前不用冠词。,表示交通工具的名词与,by,连用，不指具体某辆车，而是指这些交通工具作为手段， 是一个抽象概念，此时不用冠词。,高三英语学生学习课件,在表示种类的名词（,kind, sort, type, variety,等）,+,of,结构后出现的单数名词前不用冠词。,两个名词同指一个人或物时，后面的名词不用冠词。,表示运动的名词作,play,的宾语时， 其前不用冠词。,man ,woman,表示集体意义或抽象概念时，,word,意为,“,消息,”,时，其前不用冠词。,表示身份和特征的具体名词如,fool,（傻子），,man,（男人），,gentleman,（绅士）等用在,enough,前且用表语时，不用冠词。如：,Im not scholar,enough to name this plant.,我的学识不够，叫不出这种植物的名称。,具体的建筑场所或机构名称（,school, hospital, prison,等）与介词,at, in, to, by,等连用时，充当抽象概念，此时不用冠词。,高三英语学生学习课件,代 词,all, both either, neither,each,none,的用法比较,用于简略回答的,none,nothing,noboby,no,one,人称代词的词序,it,的用法,高三英语学生学习课件,三、代词,代词是用来代替名词及起名词作用的短语,代词按意义、特征及语法功能可分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和连接代词。,1.,all, both either, neither, each, none,的用法比较,both, either,和,neither,皆表示两者可作主语、宾语和定语。,both,还可作同位语。,neither,表示两者否定；,either,表示两者中任何一者，强调个体；,both,表示两者皆肯定。,高三英语学生学习课件,all,和,none,表示三者或三者以上，,all,表示全部肯定，而,none,表示全部否定；,all,可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语，而,none,作主语、宾语和同位语，但不能作定语。,all,作主语时，指人看作复数，每时事看作单数；,none,作主语时，看作单复数皆可。,both, all, each, none,作主语同位语时，通常要放在行为动词的前面，,be,动词、助动词和情态动词的后面。,all, both,与,not,连用表示部分否定。,高三英语学生学习课件,2.,用于简略回答的,none, nothing,noboby,和,no one,none,既可指人，也可指物，后面可接,of,短语，能用来回答,how many, how much,和,which,的提问。,no one,和,noboby,指人时其后一般不接,of,短语，可回答,who,的提问。,Nothing,只指事物，后面不可接,of,短语，用来回答,what,的提问,。,3.,名词替代词,one/ones, that,和,it,的用法比较,one,/,ones,用来代替前面提到过的可数名词，,one,指单数，,ones,指复数，所代替的是同名异物，表示泛指，可有前置定语或后置定语，也可单独使用，特指时必须加定冠词,the,。,That,用来代替前面提到的单数可数名词和不可数名词，不能和冠词连用，其后总有修饰语。其复数形式是,those,。指代可数名词时，,that,相当于,the one,；,高三英语学生学习课件,those,相当于,the ones,。,it,特指上文提到过的同名同物，不能带任何修饰语。,4.,人称代词的词序,英语中，当说话者（,I,或,we,）提到自己和别人时，习惯上常把自己摆在最后一个位置，以表示谦虚和礼貌。,例：,You, she and I passed the exam.,因此，单数的顺序常为,you, he/she, and I,；,复数的顺序为,we, you and they,。,若承认错误或承担责任，顺序应为：,I, he (she) and you,。,特别提示,:,you and I,是固定结构，即使在承认过失时，词序也不变。,高三英语学生学习课件,5.,it,的用法,在英语中，,it,有许多不同的用法，它既可以用作代词（如人称代词、非人称代词），也可以用作引导词（作形式主语或形式宾语），还可用来构成强调句。,（,1,）,it,用作人称代词指代前面已经提到过的事物、动物或人，在句子中作主语或宾语。,He bought a dictionary and give it to me.,（物）,Who is it? It is my brother.,（人）,He is an honest man.,Yes, I know it very well.,（情况）,（,2,）,it,用作非人称代词，常常用作句子主语，表示天气、日期、时间、温度、距离等,。,Its February 14th today.,（日期）,高三英语学生学习课件,Its winter. It was snowing hard.,（季节，天气）,Its only one mile to our school.,（距离）,（,3,）,it,作形式主语或形式宾语,根据句子结构的需要，人们常用,it,作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语（不定式短语、动词,ing,形式短语或名词性从句）置于句尾。,如：,It takes time to learn something well.,（形式主语代替不定式）,It is a pity that you didnt see the football game last night.,（形式主语，代替从句）,I want to make it clear that I wont attend the meeting.,（形式宾语，代替从句子）,高三英语学生学习课件,（,4,）,it,常用作,seem, appear, look,和,happen,的主语,。,如：,It seemed that he did it .,It looked like rain .,（,5,）,it,用在强调句中,强调句式：,It is/wasthat/who,如：,It was John who/that wore his best suit to the dance last night.,It was to the dance that John wore his best suit last night.,高三英语学生学习课件,数 词,基数词需要注意的问题,倍数的表达法,百分数，分数，小数的构成等,高三英语学生学习课件,数词既表示数目多少或顺序先后的词。,数词分为两种，基数词和序数词。表示人或事物数量多少的词叫做基数词，如：,one, two, three;,表示人或事物的顺序的叫序数词,如,:,first, second, third,。,1,基数词需要注意的问题：,基数词表示计量时，它所修饰的名词要复数形式。,two books.,四、数词,高三英语学生学习课件,带有数词的名词作定语时，一般用单数形式。,a three-year old boy.,表示,“,几十,”,数词的复数形式可以 用来表示 人的岁数或年代。,in his thirties,2,倍数的表达法：,主语,A,+,谓语,+,倍数程度,+,as,+,形容词或副词原级,+,as,+,比较对象,B,。,主语,A,+,谓语（,be,）,+,倍数程度,+,the,+,度量名词,+,of,+,比较对象,B,。,主语,A,+,谓语（,be,）,+,倍数程度,+,what-clause,。,主语,A,+,谓语,+,倍数程度,+,形容词或副词比较级,+,than,+,比较对象,B,。,主语,A,+,谓语,+,形容词或副词比较级,+,than,+,比较对象,B+by,+,倍数程度。,高三英语学生学习课件,3.,百分数，分数，小数的构成：,（,1,）百分数：,89%,读作,eight-nine percent,（,2,）分数：分子基数词，分母序数词，分子大于,1,分母加,“,S,”, (,two-fifth,),4,加，减，乘，除运算；,4+4,four and four are eight,four plus four equals eight,four added to four equals eight,7-3,three from seven leaves four,seven minus three is four,8,8,eight multiplied by eight is sixty-four,20,4,twenty divided by four is five,four into twenty goes five,高三英语学生学习课件,实战演练,高三英语学生学习课件,实战演练,实战一,实战二,实战三,实战四,实战五,实战六,实战七,实战八,参考答案,高三英语学生学习课件,1. He stole the money and they put him _.,A. in prison B. to prison,C. at the prison D. in the prison,2. His honesty is _;,noboby,can doubt.,A. out of the question; him,B. in question; him,C. beside the question; it,D. out of question; it,3. One must keep calm in _time of danger.,A. the B. / C. a D. that,4. I took the old man by _ hand.,A. the B. his C. her,D.a,5. No human being can change the law of _.,A. the nature B. a nature,高三英语学生学习课件,C. an nature D. nature,6. Do you know who invented _ telephone?,No. But it is really _ most useful invention.,A. the; the B. a; a,C. the; a D. a; the,7. Have you seen _ pen? I left it here this morning.,Is it _ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.,A. a; the B. the; the,C. the; a D. a; a,8. He was _ medical student before he turned _ writer.,A. a; the B. the; a,C. the;/ D. a;/,高三英语学生学习课件,9. What do you want?,I want _ that is on the table.,A. the piece of bread,B. a piece of bread,C. a bread,D. some of bread,10. Our new _ has four bedrooms and a sitting room.,A. home B. house C. family D. place,11. I need _ cloth, for Im going to make _ clothes.,A. a lot of; many B. much; much,C. many; many D. many; a lot of,12. How happy they are! Obviously, they are _.,高三英语学生学习课件,A. in nice spirits,B. in nice spirit,C. in high spirits,D. in high spirit,13. Is there _ for one more in the car?,A. seat B. situation,C. position D. room,14. _ have a new English-Chinese dictionary.,A. Every of us B. Each of us,C. Each D. We each,15. Do you think _ difficult to answer these questions?,A. that B. very,C. it D. yourself,高三英语学生学习课件,16. The boy promised _ mother never to lie to _ again.,A. his; him B. her; her,C. her; him D. his her,17. A child _ parents are dead is called an orphan.,A. which B. his,C. whose D. with,18. All _ is needed is a supply of oil.,A. the thing B. that,C. what D. which,19.The two great men wrote those letter in _.,A. 1870s B. 1870s,C. the 1870s D. the 1870,高三英语学生学习课件,20. Everything is not in good order but _.,A. at six and seven,B. at sixes and sevens,C. sixes and seven,D. on sixes of sevens,21. He served in the army in _, when he was in _.,A. 1940s; his twenties,B. the 1940s; the twenties,C. the 1940s; his twenties,D. the 1940s; his twenties,22. He has been here for _.,A. two and a half months,B. two and half a month,C. two and the half months,D. two and a half month,高三英语学生学习课件,23. _ of the students in our class are from the north.,A. Two-,nineth,B. Two-ninth,C. Two-ninths D. Two-,nineths,24. Does it made any _ to quarrel about where to hold the sports meeting.,A. meaning B. sense,C. advice D. opinion,25. Everybody wondered why,Mr,Thompson chose _ for his assistant.,A. both she and I B. both ma and her,C. both her and me D. either she or I,26. Hainan is _ island.,A. Chinas second largest,B. the Chinas second largest,C. the second Chinas largest,高三英语学生学习课件,D. Chinas the second largest,27. A few of _ are planning to drive to Florida during spring break.,A. us girls B. we girls,C. girls we D. girls us,28. In 1864, Lincoln was elected _ president of _ United States for the second time.,A. the; the B. a; a C./; the D./; /,29. Since the medicine had no _ on him, he had to go to see another doctor.,A. affect B. effect C. effort D. work,30. Teachers shouldnt have _ in class, but most of them do.,A. favorites B. interest,C. characters D. difficulty,高三英语学生学习课件,答案：,1,5 ADBAD 6,10 CDDAB,11,15 ACDDC 16,20 DCBCB,21,25 CACBC 26,30 AACBA,高三英语学生学习课件,