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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/3,*,The Molecular Mechanisms Of Apoptosis,细胞凋亡的分子机制,Zhao Wang,(M.D./Pharm.D.),2020/11/3,1,1、细胞凋亡信号传导的,一般特征,2、调控细胞凋亡的,传统信号途径,3、调控细胞凋亡的,死亡信号途径,4、参与细胞凋亡的,其他信号传导系统,第四讲 细胞凋亡的信号传导,2020/11/3,2,1、细胞凋亡信号传导的,一般特征,(1)细胞凋亡的信号传导途径的,特点,信号传导系统具有,多样性,信号传导途径的,启动,可因细胞的来源、种类、生长环境及诱导因素的不同而,有差异,细胞凋亡与细胞增殖、分化过程中的信号传导系统间存在,部分共同的通道,细胞内被同一信号激活的多条途径间存在,互通交叉点,2020/11/3,3,(2)当前细胞信号传导途径的,研究,基本按如下3个,阶段,进行:,确定哪些重要的,调节信号,在传统(细胞增殖)信号传导途径中对细胞凋亡过程具有关键的调控作用,利用分子和细胞生物学手段确定与这些调节信号直接作用,靶分子的性能,通过逐步追踪阐明信号传导途径的,具体内容,2020/11/3,4,(3)细胞凋亡信号传导系统与其诱导因素的相互,关系,不同,诱导细胞凋亡的因素可以通过,相同,的信号传导系统诱发细胞凋亡,在一种体系中,促进,细胞凋亡的信号可在另一个体系中,抑制,细胞凋亡,不同信号传导系统是相互联系和相互作用的整体,呈复杂的,调控网状结构,2020/11/3,5,(4)信号传导的一般,途径,各种生理条件或非生理条件下的刺激因素都可作为细胞凋亡的,第一信号系统,第一信使系统与细胞膜结核并作用以后,可与细胞内的激素受体相作用,或刺激,第二信使系统,,如Ca2+、cAMP等,通过,共同通道,改变某些基因的表达,导致细胞凋亡的发生,2020/11/3,6,2、调控细胞凋亡的,传统信号途径,(1)G结合蛋白(GBP/GRP/GP)信号途径与细胞凋亡,G结合蛋白信号途径是由GBP、G蛋白偶联受体(GpCR)、腺苷酸环化酶(AC)三部分组成,2020/11/3,7,Signaling Pathway from G-Protein Families,2020/11/3,8,Signaling Pathway from G-Protein Families,2020/11/3,9,(A),cAMP,与细胞凋亡,应用cAMP的类似物或诱导剂使细胞内的cAMP浓度升高时,可有效地,诱导细胞发生凋亡,cAMP的作用与导致细胞凋亡的蛋白质,磷酸化的改变,有关,体外的实验一致认为,cAMP诱导的细胞凋亡是由激活的cAMP依赖性,PKA介导,的,并需要,Ca2+的存在,cAMP可诱导内源性,核酸内切酶的激活,,推测cAMP可通过PKA使关键的蛋白质分子发生不同程度的磷酸化,进而影响内源性核酸内切酶的活性,2020/11/3,10,然而,在一些模型系统中又发现cAMP可,抑制细胞凋亡,cAMP及其类似物可抑制因撤退神经生长因子(NGF)而诱导的神经细胞、老化的中心粒细胞凋亡和启动T细胞受体引起的T细胞杂交瘤细胞凋亡,cAMP信号系统对细胞凋亡的影响可能与细胞类型有关,2020/11/3,11,(B),Ca,2+,与细胞凋亡,Ca2+可激活核酸内切酶,Ca2+可激活蛋白酶,Ca2+可激活PKC,Ca2+可调节磷脂酶活性,Ca2+对谷氨酰胺转移酶的调节,有证据表明,Ca2+浓度的升高引起细胞凋亡并非是普遍现象,因此,,可能起决定作用的因素是维系某一细胞生存的Ca2+浓度的失衡,2020/11/3,12,(C),PKC/PKA,与细胞凋亡,PKA和PKC是体内主要催化蛋白质磷酸化的激酶,PKA受cAMP激活,PKC的直接活化分子是DAG,PKC促进细胞凋亡的机制可能与PKC的活化可激活离子通道,使G蛋白发生磷酸化,导致GP活化或表达的下调,引起cAMP水平升高有关,不同的PKC同工酶在凋亡调节中担负着不同的功能,2020/11/3,13,Activation of the MAPK-signalling pathway.,(2)酶蛋白信号途径与细胞凋亡,Ras-MAPK途径与细胞凋亡信号的传导,2020/11/3,14,Activation of the MAPK-signalling pathway.,(2)酶蛋白信号途径与细胞凋亡,Ras-MAPK途径与细胞凋亡信号的传导,2020/11/3,15,3、调控细胞凋亡的,死亡信号途径,(1)死亡因子及其受体,死亡因子:FasL和TNF,死亡因子受体:Fas(CD95)和TNFR,2020/11/3,16,(2)FasL/TNF介导的信号传导途径,神经鞘磷脂途径,蛋白酶途径,蛋白激酶C途径,磷脂酶A2(PLA2)脂氧化酶途径,磷脂酰肌醇-磷脂酶C途径,酪氨酸激酶(PTK)途径,Daxx途径,TRAIL途径,核转录因子NF-kB途径,2020/11/3,17,4、参与细胞凋亡调控的,其他信号传导系统,(1)T细胞受体信号传导途径与细胞凋亡,TCR抗原受识别,第二信使为DAG和Ca,2+,TCR/CD3信号传导途径导致的细胞凋亡,是通过DNA结合蛋白Nurr77来调节的,2020/11/3,18,T Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway,2020/11/3,19,T Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway,2020/11/3,20,(2)粘附分子与细胞凋亡,粘附分子:多属跨膜糖蛋白位于细胞表面的粘附受体,分类:免疫球蛋白超家族(IgSF)、整合素家族(IF)、选择素家族(SF)、钙粘附素家族(CF)、其他粘附分子(CD44等),当粘壁生长的上皮细胞和内皮细胞表面失粘附特性时,细胞可发生凋亡,2020/11/3,21,粘附分子参与的信号传导,是通过粘附分子触发细胞内信号传导一系列生化反应而实现的,锚定依赖性细胞一旦与基质分离,即可发生凋亡,不是粘附行为本身,而是粘附中整合素与其配体的结合阻抑了细胞凋亡的发生,整合蛋白介导的细胞粘附必须伴随细胞骨架的重排,才能阻止凋亡,2020/11/3,22,(3)活性氧与细胞凋亡,活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)是外源性氧化剂或细胞内有氧代谢过程中产生的具有很高生物活性的氧分子,很容易与生物大分子反应,可直接损害或者通过一系列过氧化链式反应引起广泛生物结构的破坏,有实验证实,在特定条件下低水平的氧自由基能诱导细胞凋亡,而不是导致细胞坏死,2020/11/3,23,(4)细胞色素C与细胞凋亡,细胞色素C(Cyt C)从细胞线粒体转移到胞浆,被认为是各种细胞死亡模型如以Fas、紫外线(UV)、叉孢素(staurosporin, SSP)或鬼臼乙叉干(VP16)处理和诱导细胞凋亡机制中的重要环节,一旦胞质中出现Cyt C,其可与细胞浆中的其他成分相互作用,激活caspases,诱导细胞凋亡的发生如染色质浓缩和核碎裂。这一过程可被Bcl-2过表达抑制,2020/11/3,24,(5)线粒体与细胞凋亡,线粒体内膜通透性转变既是细胞凋亡的必须条件,也是它的充足条件,PT孔道打开后导致线粒体许多功能的致命性变化从而启动了死亡途径,PT孔道作为许多生理效应的感受器,整合了电生理、氧化还原与细胞代谢状态的信息,PT孔道的组成成分ADP-ATP在提示能量代谢的重要分子,其表达有严格的组织专一性,PT孔道的作用有自放大效应,2020/11/3,25,The Molecular Mechanisms Of Apoptosis,细胞凋亡的分子机制,Zhao Wang,(M.D./Pharm.D.),2020/11/3,26,第五讲 细胞凋亡与免疫,2020/11/3,27,Apoptosis in the immune system,1. Life and death in the immune system,2020/11/3,28,Apoptosis in the immune system,2. The CD95-CD95L death system,CD95 is one of death receptors;,CD95-mediated apoptosis is triggered by its natural ligand, CD95L;,CD95L is seen on killer cell-derived vesicles, but can also be cleaved from the membrane by a metallo-protease,2020/11/3,29,Apoptosis in the immune system,CD95 death-inducing signalling complex,2020/11/3,30,Apoptosis in the immune system,3. Two different pathways downstream of CD95,2020/11/3,31,Apoptosis in the immune system,4. T-lymphocyte death in the thymus,the negative selection might involve the CD-95 system when T cells encounter high antigen concentrations,Numerous data suggest that members of the Bcl-2 family influence survival of immature T lymphocytes, that is, positive selection, but not negative selection,2020/11/3,32,Apoptosis in the immune system,5. Deletion of peripheral T cells by apoptosis,The course of a T-cell immune response and the apoptosis phenotype of the T-cells.,2020/11/3,33,Apoptosis in the immune system,1)an IL-2-dependent clonal expansion and effector phase after challenge with antigen.,2)a down phase in which most antigen-specific T cells are eventually eliminated.,3)a phase in which certain T cells that survive the down phase enter the memory T-cell pool.,2020/11/3,34,Apoptosis in the immune system,6. Co-stimulation and T-cell survival,CD28 is a major co-stimulating co-receptor expressed on T cells;, CD28,is stimulated by CD80 and CD86 expressed on APCs and functions to increase cytokine production and cytokine receptor induction for saving T cells from AICD.,2020/11/3,35,Apoptosis in the immune system,7. B-lymphocyte death,B-cell receptor (BCR) activation induces apoptosis by the mitochondrial pathway;,As in T cells co-stimulated by CD28, BCR-activated B cells can be rescued from apoptosis by co-stimulation by way of CD40 that has been activated by CD40L expressed on T cells and macrophages;,2020/11/3,36,Apoptosis in the immune system,8. The receptor-ligand systems,a、CD95-CD95L system,B cells generally do not express CD95L;,T cells kill CD95-positive B cells;,b、Blys, APRIL/TACI, BCMA system,Blys, APRIL binding to TACI, BCMA upregulate NF-,B, B-cell proliferation and immunoglobulin production.,2020/11/3,37,Apoptosis in the immune system,9. APCs, T cells and B cells,activated APCs synthesize CD95L, TRAIL, TNF and other factors that modulate the activity and function of T cells;,In turn, activated T cells influence APC function and thereby affect the course of the immune response;,the CD40-CD40L system allows the survival of APCs and the CD95-CD95L system induces their death;,2020/11/3,38,Apoptosis in the immune system,10. Another death receptorTNF-,a,2020/11/3,39,Diseases of the immune system,Genetic defects in the CD95-CD95L system;,Apoptosis and lymphoid tumors;,Tumors develop multiple mechanisms to evade elimination by the immune system;,CD95L might be exploited in trying to delay the rejection of allografts;,2020/11/3,40,Diseases of the immune system,3. Apoptosis in AIDS,AIDS, characterized by a depletion of CD4,+,T helper cells, is a disease with too much apoptosis;,The regulatory viral gene products (for example, HIV-1 Tat);,a novel and rapid type of apoptosis by CD4 and CXCR4,2020/11/3,41,Diseases of the immune system,HIV-1 Nef inhibits ASK1-dependent death signalling providing a potential mechanism for protecting the infected host cell.,2020/11/3,42,The Molecular Mechanisms Of Apoptosis,细胞凋亡的分子机制,Zhao Wang,(M.D./Pharm.D.),2020/11/3,43,第六讲 细胞凋亡与神经系统,2020/11/3,44,Apoptosis in the nervous system,1、The neurotrophin hypothesis,immature neurons compete for target-derived trophic factors that are in limited supply.,only those neurons that are successful in establishing correct synaptic connections would obtain trophic factor support to allow their survival.,neuronal survival requires a positive survival signal.,2020/11/3,45,Apoptosis in the nervous system,2. Key molecules in neuronal apoptosis,Neurons share the same basic apoptosis programme,with all other cell types.,A、The role of the Bcl-2 family in neuronal cell death;,B、Apaf-1 and caspases in neuronal cell death;,2020/11/3,46,Neurotrophins generally activate and ligate the Trk receptors (TrkA, TrkB and TrkC), which are cell-surface receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity,Apoptosis in the nervous system,3、Neurotrophins: a matter of life and death,2020/11/3,47,Apoptosis in the nervous system,4、,PI(3),K-AKT pathway and MAPK pathway,2020/11/3,48,The activation of c-Jun and DP95 synthesis,Apoptosis in the nervous system,5、 Dying without neurotrophins,2020/11/3,49,Apoptosis in the nervous system,6、Neurotrophins: a double-edged sword,the interaction of neurotrophins with the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR can induce cell death under certain conditions.,2020/11/3,50,The Molecular Mechanisms Of Apoptosis,细胞凋亡的分子机制,Zhao Wang,(M.D./Pharm.D.),2020/11/3,51,1、,凋亡与疾病的发生,2、凋亡与疾病的治疗,第七讲 细胞凋亡与疾病,2020/11/3,52,(一)凋亡与疾病的发生,1细胞凋亡与自身免疫病,(1)机制,1)自身反应性免疫细胞凋亡受阻,* MRL/Lpr鼠Fas * C3H/gld鼠FasL 基因插入突变 基因点突变 Fas蛋白低表达 FasL分子结构异常 自身反应性T细胞逃避阴性选择,2020/11/3,53,2)凋亡促使产生致病性自身抗原(具潜在免疫原性的细胞组分聚集) 异常自身免疫应答,3)微环境异常Th1/Th2凋亡失衡 Th1/Th2细胞偏移AID,4)自身Ab进入体细胞结合相应靶Ag 干扰细胞正常功能体细胞凋亡,2020/11/3,54,5)基因缺陷或环境因子DNA甲基化* 阻止细胞对致凋亡信号的反应性自身反应性T/B细胞产生和寿命* 含低甲基化DNA的核小体释放刺激自身反应性B细胞产生自身Ab,6)器官特异性AID靶细胞高表达Fas* 致病因子 局部(细胞、甲状腺上皮细胞)炎症 高表达Fas CTL通过Fas/FasL杀伤之,2020/11/3,55,(2)举例,A类风湿关节炎,1)病理改变病变关节滑膜细胞凋亡障碍细胞增生,2)机制 * 关节液中IL-1和TGF-1滑膜细胞Fas表达 * 关节液中sFas表达抑制Fas/FasL途径 * 滑膜细胞Bcl-2、Bcl-XL表达细胞凋亡域值 * 关节滑液中单个核细胞FasL * 关节滑液T细胞对凋亡产生抗性 (TCR的CDR3缺乏数个保守的aa序列),2020/11/3,56,3)诱导凋亡治疗类风湿关节炎,* FasL的重组载体转染关节组织;,* 应用抗Fas抗体促使Fas交联。,2020/11/3,57,BSLE,1)Fas系统功能紊乱,* T/B细胞Fas表达;,* T/B细胞Fas的DD突变;,* sFas分泌;,* FasL分子结构异常;,2)T/B细胞DNA甲基化凋亡受阻低甲基化DNA诱生自身抗体,3)组织细胞凋亡释放大量核小体诱导抗核抗体产生,2020/11/3,58,2细胞凋亡与病毒感染,(1)细胞凋亡与宿主抗病毒免疫机制,* 抗病毒应答病毒感染细胞凋亡清除入侵的病毒,* 病毒感染激活免疫细胞产生TNF、p53蛋白,病毒感染细胞凋亡,* 病毒感染 宿主细胞信号传递系统紊乱 感染细胞凋亡,* CTL识别病毒感染细胞介导靶细胞凋亡导。,2020/11/3,59,(2)举例,1)细胞凋亡与AIDS,* HIV gp120与靶细胞CD4分子结合,激活钙通道胞内Ca2+浓度增高,* gp160靶细胞表面CD4分子交联HIV感染的T细胞Fas表达增加,* AIDS患者体内II型CK升高提高Th1对凋亡敏感性,* HIV感染CD8+T细胞慢性激活发生凋亡,2020/11/3,60,2)细胞凋亡与病毒性肝炎,* HCV感染肝细胞 病毒刺激CTL 高表达Fas 高表达FasL CTL导致大量肝细胞凋亡 暴发性肝功能衰竭,* HBV、HCV感染 刺激免疫细胞产生TNF- 肝细胞凋亡或坏死,2020/11/3,61,3细胞凋亡与肿瘤的发生,* bcl-2过度表达细胞生理性死亡减少肿瘤发生,* 恶性实体瘤细胞Fas表达明显 FasL表达明显,* 造血系统肿瘤中可溶性Fas水平增高 与膜表面Fas竞争性结合FasL,* Rb和p53基因功能缺陷细胞周期和凋亡失调 细胞无限制生长和恶变,2020/11/3,62,Rb功能正常 Rb功能缺陷 p53不必显示其功能 p53被激活 诱发凋亡 防止细胞恶变,* 经典多药耐药基因(MDR)表达药物代谢加快、靶细胞改变 瘤细胞DNA受损得以修复抗药,* 凋亡相关基因突变加速肿瘤进展、降低抗瘤疗效,4凋亡与移植,(1)免疫赦免区组织高表达FasL;,(2)Fas/FasL途径参与移植排斥;,2020/11/3,63,(二)凋亡与疾病的治疗,1调节Cas活性,* 转染活化Cas基因治疗AML等肿瘤,* 选择性Cas(尤其Cas3)抑制剂神经退行性变化,2020/11/3,64,2细胞因子调控凋亡,(1)调控PMN凋亡控制炎症损伤或炎症消长* TNF-促进PMN凋亡* GM-CSF、IL-2、IL-6、IFN-抑制PMN凋亡,(2)调控Th细胞偏移* IL-12、IL-2防止Th1细胞凋亡治疗AISD、肿瘤,(3)细胞因子拮抗* 拮抗IL-4等肺部Eos凋亡防治支气管哮喘,2020/11/3,65,3转染TRAIL用于肿瘤治疗,* TRAIL途径选择性诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡 (肿瘤细胞表达DR4/5,不表达TRID),* 正常细胞表达TRID对TRAIL不敏感,4自杀基因治疗中的旁观者效应,* 转染自杀基因(suicide gene)转染细胞死亡 旁邻未转染细胞被杀伤,* 机制旁邻细胞摄取凋亡小体;肿瘤细胞凋亡局部抗瘤免疫效应,2020/11/3,66,5调控凋亡相关基因表达,(1)调控Fas/FasL表达,* Cys、FK506FasL转录移植物细胞凋亡 * sFas、抗Fas抗体、反义核酸 * 转染Fas基因,(2)转染bcl-2、P53抗瘤,2020/11/3,67,6诱导分化剂(维A酸、As2O3)诱导凋亡或部分分化后凋亡治疗肿瘤(白血病等),7激素撤退性激素敏感肿瘤凋亡* 切除睾丸/给予雌激素前列腺癌* 切除卵巢/拮抗雌激素乳腺癌,2020/11/3,68,8Wee转基因疗法,(1)Wee的生物学作用* 参与调控细胞周期使细胞停留于G2期 有利于DNA受损细胞的修复* 参与颗粒酶所致受损DNA的修复过程 阻断致凋亡因子导致的靶细胞凋亡,(2)Wee转基因疗法应用实例* 转染胰岛细胞修复颗粒酶所致DNA损伤 阻断CTL所致胰岛细胞凋亡防治型糖尿病(及其他CTL所致器官特异性AID),9化疗、放疗诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,2020/11/3,69,
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