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,Pfizer Internal Use,*,2020/11/3,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,LOGO,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/11/3,Pfizer Internal Use,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,2020/11/3,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,痛性周围神经病,痛性周围神经病痛性周围神经病,一 定 义,痛性多发性神经病是指由多种病因所致以疼痛为,主要表现或唯一症状的多发性神经病。,2020/11/3,2,二,病因,1,代谢紊乱;最常见病因是代谢紊乱,最多为,糖尿病,。,其次为,甲状腺功能低下和尿毒症,。前者可引起痛性大纤维轴,突神经病,在伴有慢性肾功能衰竭的患者周围神经的大纤维,也往往受累,出现明显的疼痛。,酗酒,所致维生素,B1,或其它,B,族维生素缺乏也可引起疼痛性多发性神经病,补充维生素可,使疼痛和其它症状缓解。,2020/11/3,3,2,药物:如长春新硷、紫杉酚等都可引起伴有,或不伴有疼痛的多发性神经病。金、硝基映喃妥因,也有成为病因的报道,治疗爱滋病的,ddc,在某些病,人中也可引起痛性多发性神经病。,2020/11/3,4,3,原发性:大约,1/3,痛性多发性神经病患者没,有明显病因。由于缺乏病因诊断,从而在逆转神经,功能异常和防止进一步损伤方面带有一定的盲目性,,因而更应严密观察,注意疾病的发展和可能出现,的症状和体征,以便及时进行处理。,2020/11/3,5,4,其它:,(,1,),HIV,是痛性多发性神经病的另一个常见原因。这,种多发性神经病常伴有趾动、腿痛症状。,(,2,)在嗜曙红细胞增多症病人中也有出现慢性脱髓,鞘性疼痛性多发性神经病的报道。,(,3,)副肿瘤综合征,多发性骨髓瘤、巨球蛋白血症,也可引起痛性多发性神经病。,2020/11/3,6,4,)痛性多发性神经病还可能是系统性脉管炎,包,括结节性脉管炎、风湿性脉管炎和其它结缔组织病的表现。,(,5,)原发或继发性淀粉样变性可损伤小纤维和植物,神经,出现以疼痛为突出表现的多发性神经痛。,(,6,),I,型遗传性感觉性神经病也是其少见病因之一。,2020/11/3,7,三 临床表现,1,性质:疼痛是病人的主要症状,病人常自诉压榨样、电击样疼痛、灼痛、剧痛或绞痛、刺痛。,2,部位:多数病人的疼痛从下肢足趾开始,逐渐蔓延到小腿,达小腿上部或膝部时就出现手指症状,最后出现典型的痛性多发性神经病表现。,3,特征:虽有灼痛、冷痛、冻伤样疼痛的诉说,但皮温无变化。除一种基本的持续性疼痛外,还常伴有一种以上其它类型的疼痛和间歇痛。行走、出汗可诱发或加重这种疼痛。,2020/11/3,8,疼痛在多数情况下上午轻、下午重,同时,还可伴有其它感觉异常、感觉缺乏,出现麻木和共济失调。,疼痛可以对称或不对称,也可有近端疼痛和感觉异常,远端麻木者。,痛性多发性神经病患者,尤其是小感觉纤维损伤明显的病人很少出现肌力下降,腱反射也存在。,2020/11/3,9,肌电图和传导速度有助于发现周围神经大纤维的损伤,但在以小纤维功能 异常为主的原发性痛性多发性神经病中可以正常。因而,痛性多发性神经病常被误诊为功能性疼痛。定量感觉试验是诊断痛性多发性神经病最有用的工具,它能发现肌电图和传导速度检查不能发现的小纤维功能异常,并确定感觉异常的部位和感觉障碍的类型。在痛性多发性神经病患者中,热刺激的异常和痛觉刺激的延长相当常见。,2020/11/3,10,四 诊断,根据病史和体征很容易作出痛性多发性神经病,的诊断,在感觉检查不能肯定诊断时,进一步作肌,电图、传导速度,尤其是定量感觉试验是必要的。,在许多情况下,后者往往是唯一能够确定痛性多发,性神经病的功能试验。,2020/11/3,11,五 治疗,急性疼痛的处理,评估有无危及患者生命的情况,尽可能祛除病因,轻度疼痛(,1-4,分)中度 (,5-7,分)重度(,8-10,分),理疗减轻疼痛 弱的止痛剂 强的止痛剂,再评估,2020/11/3,12,五 治疗,1,病因治疗:应尽力寻找病因,针对病因进行治疗,如胰岛素治疗可使糖尿病周围神经损伤减少,69,;副肿瘤综,合征者应抗肿瘤治疗,代谢紊乱所致者则以改变代谢障碍为,主,原发性,或目前未找到病因,以及有明确病因,尚不能,迅速根除者,如外伤等,才能进行以缓解疼痛,提高生活质,量为目的的对症处理。,2020/11/3,13,2,对症处理,(,1,)治疗目标,缓解疼痛,减轻病人的痛苦。,(2),治疗原则:药物治疗仍带有探索性质。许多药物,,如三环类抗忧郁剂、抗癫痫药、局麻抗失律心常药、抗交感,神经和阿片类药物对痛性多发性神经病的疼痛都有明显的缓,解作用。但个体差异很大,不同类或同类的不同药物对不同,病人往往有不同的影响,目前尚无一种可靠的方法能预测药,物的治疗效应,因而在选择药物时,掌握基本原则是必要。,2020/11/3,14,理想的止痛剂要缓解疼痛,而又无不能耐受的副作用,能缓解疼痛,但有明显副作用的药物并不比不能缓解疼痛的药物好;,从小剂量开始,逐渐增加剂量,以达明显缓解疼痛,又无不能耐受的毒副反应为止。由于需病人来确定是否疼痛明显缓解或出现不能耐受的副作用,因而要让病人了解和执行治疗计划,取得病人的充分合作往往是治疗成功与否的关键;,单药治疗,绝大多数病人仅需要一种药物就能缓解疼痛;,2020/11/3,15,医师和病人都应知道缓解疼痛或出现毒副反,应的药物剂量和血药水平在不同病人存在着明显的,个体差异,过频换药,可能导致治疗的失败;,虽然药物的选择目前仍在探索中,传统观点主张按 下,列顺序选用药物。三环抗忧郁剂,-AEDS-,抗心律失常,药,-,交感神经阻滞剂,-,阿片类,.,2020/11/3,16,(,3,)常用止痛药:,三环抗忧郁剂是目前治疗痛性多发性神经病在内的,神经痛的首选药物。可缓解灼痛、刀割样疼痛和深部痛,对,疼痛的动物模型也有止痛作用。,阿米替林、去甲替林,(nortriptyline),和去甲丙咪嗪,(Desipramine),对糖尿病有不依赖抗忧郁的止痛作用。,去甲丙咪嗪与阿米替林作用相似,而非三环类抗忧郁剂,氟西汀则不比安慰剂好。,2020/11/3,17,抗癫痫痫药:也是治疗神经痛的主要药物,苯妥英,钠对糖尿病性多发性神经病的疼痛有缓解作用,卡马西平也,有类似的效应。其它的抗痫药,如氯硝西泮,(Clonazepam),和丙戊酸,(Valproic Acid),尚未进行过治疗研究。有非对照性,的研究提示他们对神经痛有效。有些病人在低于抗痫血浓度,时疼痛就缓解,有些则需大剂量才有效。,2020/11/3,18,3),局部麻醉抗心律失常药:应用局部麻醉抗心律,失常药,尤其是静脉注射利多卡因和口服慢心律是,神经痛治疗最为有效的方法之一。这类药物的有效,剂量可减少产生疼痛的周围神经损伤处自发性或诱,发的异常放电而不影响神经传导。,2020/11/3,19,静注利多卡因对许多神经痛,特别是周围神,经损伤所引起的疼痛有明显的缓解作用,其止痛,作用可延续数小时,少数人可有数周的缓解。华,盛顿大学疼痛培训中心用输液泵持续,45,分,钟以上输入,5ng/KG,的利多卡因常能获效,其血,浓度,13ug,m1,。副作用很少,并与剂量有关。,2020/11/3,20,(,4),抗交感神经药物静注酚妥拉明,口服酚苄明,(Phenoxybenzamine),,特拉唑嗪,(Terazosin),口服,或经皮给可乐定可治疗交感神经性持续疼痛和缓解,痛性多发性神经病的疼痛,可乐定对糖尿病性神经,病也有效。,2020/11/3,21,(,5,)阿片类,此类药物是发现最早、使用最多、也是最有争议的药物。, 仅用于慢性非恶性疼痛的神经损伤:, 已用过非阿片类止痛药、三环类抗忧郁剂、,抗癫痫药、局麻抗心律失常药无效;, 同时,又无滥用药物史的病人。,2020/11/3,22, 使用中应注意选择长效激动剂,如美 沙酮或长效吗啡;, 短期而不能按病人需要使用;, 联合应用一些其它药物以加强其疗效,2020/11/3,23,痛性周围神经病变治疗方案,三环类抗抑郁药,;,如,amitriptyline,10-75 mg,Gabapentin,300-3600 mg,曲马多,150-300 mg,三种一线药物联合应用,选择性,5-HT,再摄取抑制剂,阿片类药物,全方位治疗,一线,二线,三线,Lamotrigine,200-400 mg,2020/11/3,24,时间,起始期(,mg,),增量期(,mg,),维持期(,mg,),第,1,天,第天,第天,4-6,天,7-10,天,11-14,天,早,300,300,300,600,600-1200,中,300,300,300,600,600,600-1200,晚,300,300,300,600,600,600,600-1200,、 摘自:,卒中与神经疾病,2005,年,2,月第,12,卷第,1,期,、特别提示:表中参考剂量为国外使用剂量,请考虑人种差异。,GBP,治疗神经痛参考剂量表,加巴喷丁推荐用法用量,2020/11/3,25,带状疱疹后神经痛治疗方案,TCA :,三环类抗抑郁药物,5%,利多卡因贴剂,(,单独使用或联合用药的一部分,),Gabapentin,(,根据不良反应调整剂量,直至,3600 mg),若有疗效 加用小剂量,TCA,若无效,换成小剂量,TCA,阿片类药物,阿片类药物,根据经济情况选用,TCA 10-75 mg,根据不良反应调整剂量,),若有疗效,加用,gabapentin,若无效,则换成,gabapentin,阿片类药物,阿片类药物,一线,二线,三线,2020/11/3,26,PHN,治疗,PHN,抗忧郁 行为疗法 外用麻药,AEDS,局麻药浸,抗忧郁加,AEDS,其它,阿片类 鞘内强的松,疼痛泵,神经消融,再评估,2020/11/3,27,其它神经痛,2020/11/3,28,三叉神经痛治疗方案,酰胺咪嗪,最大剂量为,1200 mg,Gabapentin,最大剂量为,2400-3600 mg,Oxcarbazepine,最大剂量为,1600 mg,各种组合,:,如酰胺咪嗪,/gabapentin,或,gabapentin/oxcarbazepine,一线,二线,三线,Baclofen,最大剂量为,30-80 mg,Lamotrigine,最大剂量为,25-500 mg,2020/11/3,29,脊髓损伤治疗方案,TCAs,平均剂量为,75mg,逐渐调整剂量,Gabapentin,逐渐调整剂量 直至,3600 mg,Gabapentin,可达,3600 mg,Lamotrigine,可达,400 mg,阿片类药物逐渐调整剂量,阿片类药物逐渐调整剂量,Amitriptyline,平均剂量为,75 mg,Lamotrigine,可达,400 mg,联合用药,建议并考虑鞘内治疗和,/,或手术治疗,一线,二线,三线,2020/11/3,30,中风后中枢性疼痛治疗方案,阿米替林,75-100 mg,Gabapentin,可达,3600 mg,Lamotrigine200 mg,Amitriptyline and gabapentin,酰胺咪嗪,400-1200 mg,神经阻滞,工作疗法,/,物理治疗,透皮电神经刺激治疗,建议,(,如,鞘内注射,1 mL baclofen 50 mcg ),一线,二线,2020/11/3,31,复杂的局部疼痛综合征,II,型治疗方案,应始终考虑局部用药,透皮电神经刺激和物理治疗,.,尽可能手术复位,抗惊厥药物,(gabapentin,酰胺咪嗪, phenytoin,等,),或抗抑郁药物,(,如, amitriptyline),联合用药,(,抗惊厥药物,+,抗抑郁药物,),替换抗惊厥药物,维持原来的抗抑郁药物,有创治疗,(,如脊髓刺激,),一线,二线,三线,四线,五线,2020/11/3,32,谢谢大家!,2020/11/3,33,Treatment of painful neuropathy.,Cruccu G,.,EFNS Panel Neuropathic Pain, Department of Neurological Sciences, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Curr Opin Neurol. 2007 Oct;20(5):531-5.,2020/11/3,34,In addition to,tricyclic antidepressants and gabapentin, the reliability of which is established, some drugs have more recently been demonstrated to be efficacious: major and minor opioids,pregabalin, and serotonin-noradrenaline-reuptake inhibitors,. In contrast, some other drugs have yielded disappointing results: memantine(,美心钢,), mexiletine(,慢心律,), topiramate, and - very recently lamotrigine(,利必通,).,2020/11/3,35,Three main questions are currently being debated. Notwithstanding their proven efficacy, should opioids be used in chronic noncancer pain? In which patients should serotonin-noradrenaline-reuptake inhibitors be preferred to tricyclic antidepressants? What is the difference between pregabalin and gabapentin?,2020/11/3,36,加巴喷丁治疗疼痛,1993,1994,年先后在英国美国等,20,多个国家作为治疗癫痫药物上市,目前已有,50,多个国家在使用该药物,2002,年加巴喷丁成为第一个被美国,FDA,批准治疗,PHN,的药物,2002,年,11,月加巴喷丁被推荐为治疗多种神经病理性疼痛的一线药物,新药信息,中国医药网,2002,06,06.,2020/11/3,37,美国有,50%,以上的神经病理性疼痛患者(,800,万人,以上)在使用加巴喷丁,2004,年国产迭力,(,加巴喷丁胶囊)获准上市,2020/11/3,38,加巴喷丁治疗带状疱疹后神经痛多中心研究,英国,2020/11/3,39,研究方法,:为期,7,周的双盲、随机、安慰剂对照、组间平行的多中心研究,入选标准,:大于或等于,18,岁;在急性带状疱疹发作后有大于,3,个月的疼痛;在随机分组前的一周内平均的疼痛评分至少达到,4,分,/10,分,加巴喷丁研究方案,2020/11/3,40,用药方法,:加巴喷丁,1800-2400mg/,天,允许同时继续口服其它治疗药物如抗抑郁药物、弱阿片类药物(可待因)、乙酰水杨酸(最大剂量,300mg/,天)或其他非甾体来抗炎药物(,NSAIDs,),病例选择,:,试验对象被随机分为,3,组,安慰剂组(,n = 111,)、加巴喷丁,1800mg/,天组(,n = 115,)和加巴喷丁,2400mg/,天组(,n = 108,),评估标准,:显著的临床反应的定义是与基础值比较,疼痛程度降低,30%,或者以,10,分制的疼痛评分法测量,治疗后疼痛评分下降,2,分,2020/11/3,41,结论:加巴喷丁持续显著降低,PHN,患者疼痛分值,英国进行的,334,个病例为期,7,周的加巴喷丁治疗,PHN,双盲、随机、平行、对照多中心研究,评估疼痛改变为,VAS,疼痛评分法,显著临床评估标准是与基础值相比疼痛程度降低,30%,,或疼痛评分下降,2,分,Rice AS, Maton S. Gabapentin in postherpetic neuralgia: A randomised, double blind,placebo controlled study Pain. 2001;94:215-224,2020/11/3,42,*,P,.01;,P,.05.,PHN =,带状疱疹后神经痛,SF-36=,肖特表格,-36,个健康调查,生活质量评分,加巴喷丁显著改善,PHN,病人的生活质量,*,Rice AS, Maton S. Gabapentin in postherpetic neuralgia: A randomised, double blind,placebo controlled study Pain. 2001;94:215-224,2020/11/3,43,加巴喷丁治疗带状疱疹后神经痛多中心研究,美国,2020/11/3,44,加巴喷丁研究方案,研究方法,:为期,8,周,随机、双盲、安慰剂,-,对照、组间平行、多中心研究,入选标准,:带状疱疹急性发作后出现疼痛症状大于,3,个月;患者的年龄大于或等于,18,岁;在随机分组前一周患者平均的疼痛评分至少达到,4,分,/10,分,2020/11/3,45,用药方法,:加巴喷丁初始剂量为每日,300mg,,之后在,4,周之内按阶梯式递增到每日,900mg,、,1800mg,、,2400mg,最后达到每日,3600mg ;,合并三环类抗抑郁药物和,/,或阿片类药物,病例选择,:229,个参试患者被随机分为两组:安慰剂组,(n = 116),加巴喷丁组,(n =113),评估标准,:与基础疼痛评分均值比较至少降低,1.5,分被认为有统计学显著性差异,2020/11/3,46,Rowbotham M. Harden N. Stacey B.etal. Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetit neuralgia: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA.1998;280,美国进行,229,个病例,为期,8,周的加巴喷丁治疗,PHN,双盲、随机、平行对照多中心研究,评估疼痛改变为,VAS,疼痛评分法,显著性差异是与基础值相比疼痛评分均值至少下降,1.5,分,结论:加巴喷丁持续显著降低,PHN,患者疼痛分值,2020/11/3,47,大致情绪紊乱,抑郁,/,沮丧,愤怒,/,敌意,疲倦,/,懒惰,紧张,/,焦虑,精神混乱,/,迷惑,活力,r/,灵活性*,加巴喷丁有效缓解带状疱疹后疼痛病人情绪的变化,*,POMS,评分增加只说明该亚表测试项目的情况好转,.,P,=.01;,P,.001.,POMS =,情绪状态简表,.,Gabapentin (n=109),安慰剂,(n=116),Rowbotham M. Harden N. Stacey B.etal. Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetit neuralgia: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA.1998;280,实验结束时, PMOS,评分与基础值的平均差值,2020/11/3,48,加巴喷丁治疗糖尿病性神经痛,2020/11/3,49,加巴喷丁治疗糖尿病性神经痛,2020/11/3,50,加巴喷丁治疗复合性局部疼痛综合征,2020/11/3,51,加巴喷丁治疗脊髓损伤后神经痛,一项为期,18,周的临床试验对加巴喷丁治疗脊髓损伤后神经痛和安慰剂之间进行了对照研究。结果发现迭力不仅可以缓解疼痛的程度,还可减少疼痛发作的频率和改善生活质量。,2020/11/3,52,加巴喷丁治疗脊髓损伤后神经痛,2020/11/3,53,加巴喷丁化学特性,结构式:,商品名:迭力,英文名:,gabapentin capsules,化学名:,1-,氨基甲基,-,环已烷乙酸,性 状:本品为硬胶囊,内容物为白色或类白色粉状粉末,规格与剂型:胶囊,,100mg/,粒,生产企业:恩华药业,2020/11/3,54,加巴喷丁的作用机制,不直接改变钠通道电流,也不改变神经元动作电位的稳定性放电,结构与,GABA,同源,但对,GABA,A,和,GABA,B,受体均无亲和力,可影响,GABA,的合成和释放,但不影响内源性,GABA,的摄取和代谢,特异性结合位点是电压依赖钙通道的,2,亚单位,与,2,1,亚型有高度亲和力,2020/11/3,55,加巴喷丁药代动力学特性,吸收:食物极少影响加巴喷丁的吸收速度和程度,达峰时间,T,max,为,2-4,小时,分布:加巴喷丁与血浆蛋白结合率,3%,,平均分布容积达,50.4 (8.0),升,可以迅速通过血脑屏障,约,5%-35%,集中于脑脊液中,,80%,分布于脑内,消除:加巴喷丁的消除半衰期是,5,7,小时,,90%,以上以原形通过肾脏排泄,在人体内的代谢不明显,迭力,(,加巴喷丁胶囊,),说明书,Ojemann LM,et.al,Epilepsia. 1988;29:694. Abstract.,2020/11/3,56,加巴喷丁药代动力学优异,无药物间相互作用,加巴喷丁,极少与血浆蛋白结合,不影响其它镇痛药物的血药浓度,加巴喷丁,不诱导和抑制肝药酶,不影响其它镇痛药物在肝脏代谢,加巴喷丁,在体内极少代谢,不受其它镇痛药物影响,加巴喷丁可与食物同服或单独服用 ,广泛分布并作用于中枢神经系统,迭力,(,加巴喷丁胶囊,),说明书,2020/11/3,57,加巴喷丁作用机制,拮抗,NMDA,受体,降低伤害感受系统兴奋性,具有中枢神经系统钙离子通道拮抗和外周神经抑制作用,减少兴奋性氨基酸释放,阻断,GABA,介导的传入通路,减少兴奋性传入信号,中国临床药理学与治疗学,2003 Jun ; 8(3),2020/11/3,58,加巴喷丁不良反应发生率与剂量相关性不明显,加巴喷丁添加治疗癫痫时发生中枢神经系统副反应与剂量的关系,Neurology 1994; 44 (suppl 5): S23-S30,2020/11/3,59,2002,年,11,月,15-17,日在西班牙巴塞罗那举行,ICNeP,医师论坛,许多疼痛和非疼痛科医师讨论了以下疾病的药物治疗方案:,2020/11/3,60,糖尿病性痛性周围神经病变,带状疱疹后神经痛,三叉神经痛,中枢性中风后疼痛,脊髓损伤,复杂的局部疼痛综合征,II,型,2020/11/3,61,普瑞巴林,2004,年,FDA,批准用于治疗糖尿病性神经痛和带状疱疹性神经病,.,2020/11/3,62,It is a structural, but not functional, analogue of GABA. It acts as a ligand of the alpha2-delta subunit, a protein associated to the voltage-dependent calcium channels. Modulation of these channels decreases calcium entry into nerve endings, resulting in a decreased release of several excitatory neurotransmitters.,2020/11/3,63,Pregabalin had a linear pharmacokinetics with little variability between the different subjects. It does not bind to plasma proteins, has no liver metabolism, and is excreted trough the kidneys. Few interactions with other drugs may be expected based on these characteristics.,2020/11/3,64,Pregabalin in the treatment of neuropathic pain,Biegstraaten M,van Schaik IN,.,Academisch Medisch Centrum/Universiteit van Amsterdam, afd. Neurologie, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam.,Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2007 Jul 14;151(28):1561-5.,2020/11/3,65,Pregabalin is increasingly being used for the treatment ofneuropathic pain, often as the first-line choice. The question is, however, whether this choice is based on evidence. Seven trials have been published on the effect ofpregabalin in patients with postherpetic neuralgia and painful diabetic neuropathy. These trials more frequently report,a 50% reduction in pain in pregabalin treated patients than in patients treated with placebo,(number needed to treat 4.3).,2020/11/3,66,Dizziness and somnolence,are the most frequent adverse events of pregabalin. The number needed to harm for adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment varies from 3.7 to 113.1 in these studies. Pregabalin has not been compared head-to-head with other drugs commonly used for neuropathic pain.,2020/11/3,67,Indirect comparison reveals the effectiveness of pregabalin is comparable with that of carbamazepin, tramadol, and gabapentin; pregabalin is possibly less effective than amitriptylin. However, taking into account its price and the lack of clinical experience and evidence, using,pregabalin as first-line choice is not recommended.,2020/11/3,68,1:,Neurologia. 2006 Mar;21(2):96-103,Pregabalin. A new treatment for neuropathic pain,Lpez-Trigo J,Sancho Rieger J,.,Servicio de Neurologa, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario, Valencia.,2020/11/3,69,Neuropathic pain is a condition affecting a significant proportion of the worlds population. Many therapeutic drugs have been used. They achieve less than satisfactory results and are associated to common side effects that affect the daily life of patients.,Pregabalin is a new drug that has been shown to be effective for treating partial epilepsy and peripheral neuropathic pain in clinical trials.,2020/11/3,70,In clinical trials, pregabalin has been shown to be effective in postherpetic neuralgia and painful diabetic neuropathy at doses ranging from 150-600 mg/day. The analgesic effects of pregabalin occur in the first few days of treatment and are sustained over time. Side effects are few; most are transient and well-tolerated by patients, and the treatment discontinuation rate is minimal.,2020/11/3,71,Clin Ther. 2007 Jan;29(1):26-48.,Pregabalin: a novel gamma-aminobutyric acid analogue in the treatment of neuropathic pain, partial-onset seizures, and anxiety disorders.,Tassone DM,Boyce E,Guyer J,Nuzum D,.,2020/11/3,72,In 4 clinical trials in a total of 1068 patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, the patients receiving pregabalin 300 to 600 mg/d had significantly greater improvement in mean pain scores than placebo recipients (P or = 0.01).,2020/11/3,73,Patients with postherpetic neuralgia receiving pregabalin 450 to 600 mg/d had significantly greater improvement in relief of pain and pain-related sleep interference than placebo recipients (P /=4 on an 11-point numerical rating scale, were randomized to receive a flexible dose of lamotrigine 200, 300, or 400mg daily (n=111) or placebo (n=109) for up to 14 weeks (including eight weeks of dose escalation) in addition to their prestudy regimen of gabapentin, a tricyclic antidepressant, or a nonopioid analgesic.,2020/11/3,77,No statistically significant difference in the mean change in pain-intensity score from baseline to Week 14 (primary endpoint) was detected between lamotrigine and placebo (P=0.67). Lamotrigine (up to 400mg/day) added to gabapentin, a tricyclic antidepressant, or a nonopioid analgesic did not demonstrate efficacy as an adjunctive treatment of neuropathic pain but was generally safe and well tolerated.,2020/11/3,78,二 带状疱疹后神经痛,病因,:,水痘,-,带状疱疹病毒感染,.,发病机制,:,中枢或周围神经脱髓鞘,少部分是,病毒通过大血管的直接感染,.,流行病学,:,主要见于儿童 老人,主要临床表现,:,神经痛,2020/11/3,79,主要治疗,:,三环抗忧郁剂,AEDS,鞘内注激素,手术,交感神经阻滞药,(,利多卡因,),临床评价,:,2020/11/3,80,抗癫痫形成,-,研究新领域,2020/11/3,81,Topics,1,电刺激,-,分子、细胞、网络,2,更强电刺激,-,分子、细胞、网络,3,点燃,-,分子、细胞、网络,2020/11/3,82,点燃后演变,良性癫痫,-,分子、细胞、网络,2,自行缓解,-,分子、细胞、网络,1,3,耐药癫痫,-,分子、细胞、网络,发病机制揭示,4,2020/11/3,83,研究中值得注意的问题,1,内在联系与伴随现象:,2,项目设计的合理和效益,:,2020/11/3,84,谢谢,
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