英汉翻译(6)转性与变态

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lecture Six,Conversion and Change of Voice,（转性与变态）,1,一、词类转译,在翻译时，由于两种语言在语法和表达习惯上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变其词类，这就叫词类转译法。这种方法不仅指词类的改变，而且还包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的改变。当然主要是指词类的变化，如原文中的名词可以转移成译文中的动词等词类。众所周知，语言是个无限生成的系统，在翻译实践中，词类转移的情况也是千变万化的。词类转译的情况归纳起来有以下四种：1、转译成动词、2、转译成名词、3、转译成形容词、4、转译成其他词类。,2,（一）转译成动词,1、名词转译成动词,Nouns derived from verbs.,1) An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.,熟悉一些世界史有助于学习时事。,2) His very appearance of any affair proclaims it a triumph.,在任何场合，只要他一露面。就算是成功了。,3) He urged upon citizens of the country the necessity of persisting in participation in political controversies.,他告诫全国人民，必须坚持参加政治论战。,3,Nouns implying an action.,1) On the walk through the city they saw breadlines.,在走过市区的时候，他们看见领救济食物的人们排着长队。,2) A view of Mt. Fuji can be obtained from here.,从这儿可以看到富士山。,3) At the thought of the mishap his legs stiffened under him and could not more step further.,一想到这场灾难，两腿就像千斤重，再也挪不动一步了。,4,V+er=n,1) He is no smoker, but his father is a chain smoker.,他倒是不抽烟，但他爸爸却一支接一支不停地抽。,2) He was a regular visitor.,他经常来。,3) She is a lover of Chinese painting.,她酷爱中国油画。,4) There were various possible players for the role.,可能扮演这个角色的有好几个人,5,Nouns in some idiomatic expressions should be converted into Chinese V.,1) He has already made mention of the matter in his speech.,他在讲演中曾提到过此事。,2) He showed with his eyes that he heard, but made no sign of assent or dissert.,他瞧了他一下，表示他听见了。但没表示同意或不同意。,3) The Party branch secretary showed great concern for the students health.,党支书很关心学生的健康。,4) She had high praise for Dr. Higpan, although she complained about his strictness.,她高度赞扬了西格潘医生，但抱怨他过于严格。,5) I had another good look at the boring machine, and found a loose screw in need of adjustment.,我又仔细地检查了这恼人的机器，发现一颗松动的螺栓需要调整。,6,Nouns in the cognate object into double verbs.,1) He smiled a happy smile.,他愉快地微笑了一下。,2) Lets go for a walk after supper.,晚饭后咱们去散散步吧。,3) Let him sleep a peaceful sleep.,让他安安静静地睡一觉吧。,4) They fought a beautiful fight .,他们打了一个漂亮仗。,5) He sighed a long sigh.,他长长地叹了一口气。,7,2、介词转译成动词,1) Up the street they want, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a high building.,他们沿着大街走去，经过许多商店，窜过一个大广场，然后进入了一座大厦。,2) We drove home a bit after midnight, over the rive and through the lively old sleeping town.,时过午夜，我驱车回家，先过了河，又窜过了这个在酣睡中的古老而可爱的城市。,3) The judge sat in the dinning-room amid his morning mail.,法官坐在餐厅里处理一大堆早班邮件。,4) I found him at his book when I came into the room.,我走进房间，见他正在看书。,8,3、形容词转译成动词,1) We are quite sure that the socialist system will replace the capitalist system in the end.,我们坚信社会主义制度终将取代资本主义制度。,2) They were not content with their present achievements.,他不满足于他们目前所取得的成就。,3) They were suspicious and resentful of him.,他们怀疑他，讨厌他。,4) If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom, it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics.,要是我们不知道原子的结构，我们就不可能去研究核物理。,9,4、副词转译成动词,1) The successful fisherman of that day were already in.,那天交上好运的渔民们都已回家。,2) When he went back, the radio was still on, for he had forgotten to turn it off when he left.,他回来时，收音机还在响，因为他离开的时候忘记将它关掉了。,3) Please let me in! They are searching for me. he begged.,“请让我进去！他们正在追捕我。”他恳求道。,10,转译成名词,Verbs derived from nouns or used from nouns.,1) The landing was designed to cut the peninsula in two.,登陆的目的是要把该半岛一切为二。,2) The navy is now positioned to safeguard both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.,海军现已摆下了阵势，防卫太平洋和大西洋。,3) On that day they were escorted to the Great Wall of China.,他们那天和陪同人员一起去参观中国长城。,4) A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.,一位衣冠楚楚的男人，外表和谈吐都像美国人，进了汽车。,11,(2) 有些英语被动式句子中的动词， 可以译成“受（遭）到+名词”、“予（加）以+名词”这类结构。,1) Lenin was beloved of the people.,列宁受到人民的爱戴。,2) And he warned that the improvement in bilateral relations might be jeopardized by a continuation of the war.,他警告说，如果战争继续下去，双边的关系有可能受到危害。,3) His image as a good student was badly tarnished.,他作为好学生的形象已遭到很大的玷污。,4) He was snuffed by the top-ranking officials there.,他受到那边高级官员们的冷遇。,5) He was received with honor by the government of the host country.,他受到东道国政府的礼遇。,12,（3）形容词转译成名词,1) They are going to build a school for the blind and the deaf.,他们打算建一所盲聋学校。,3) The unlearned always pretend erudition.,不学无术的人总是假装学识渊博。,4) In the history of literature there can be found some immortal masterpieces which are the swan songs of the dying.,在文学史上可以看到有些不朽的名著是临死者的绝笔。,5) The best is behind.,好戏后唱。,13,转译成形容词,Nouns derived from adj.,1) I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries.,我认识到通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的。,2) He was still more surprised at the singularity of the strangers appearance.,他看到那个陌生人的外表非常古怪越发惊奇了。,3) We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.,我们觉得很难解决这个复杂的问题。,4) She promptly shepherded them out of the crowded living room and into the privacy of the library.,她迅速把他们领出拥挤的客厅，带到了没人注意的图书馆。,14,a (an) + an N used as predicative .,1) The garden-party is a great success.,园艺会真是圆满极了。,3) They say my story is a yawn.,人们都说，我的故事乏味得很。,4) Its a nuisance that he always puffs at his pipe in the reading room.,他在阅览室里经常抽烟，吞云吐雾，真是讨厌。,5) It is a great honor for me to be charged with such an arduous task.,我承担这项艰巨的任务，感到很荣幸。,15,其他词类的转译,Adj. converted into adv and vice versa(1):,1) Warm discussions arose on every corner as to his achievements.,到处在讨论他的成就。,2) We place the highest value on our friendly relations with developing countries.,我们最高度珍视同发展中国家的关系。,3) Yes, he said with a slow nod or two.,他慢条斯理地点了一两下头说：“是”。,16,2,1) The sun rose thinly from the sea.,淡淡的太阳从海面上生起。,2) He was deeply impressed by what they did in the critical moment.,他们在关键时刻的行为给他留下了深刻的印象。,3) I suppose boys think differently from girls, he said.,“恐怕男孩子的想法与女孩子的想法是不一样的。”他说。,5) The magnificent building beyond is the St. Paul church of classic beauty.,那边的一座宏伟建筑物是古色古香的圣保罗教堂。,17,3,1) At last, he whispered a hurried goodbye to his host and darted to the door.,最后，他匆匆地向主人轻声道别，快步走向门口。,3) This is a sheer fabrication.,这完全是凭空捏造。,18,Nouns converted advv. and vice versa,.1. nn. converted into advv.,1）He had the kindness to show me the way.,他好意地给我指路。,2) I had the fortune to meet him.,我幸运地遇到了他。,2. advv. converted into nn.,1) He is physically weak but mentally sound.,他身体虽弱，但思维正常。,2) They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally.,他们的思想工作不如组织工作做得那么好。,3) Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very active chemically.,氧是物质世界的重要元素之一，它的化学性质很活泼。,19,2. Change of Voice,英汉两种语言都有主动和被动两种语态，但由于表达习惯上的差异，翻译时也经常进行语态转换。一般说来，英语比汉语更喜欢使用被动语态。相比之下，汉语的被动句明显处于弱势，其主要原因有三：一是历时因素，汉语在历史上称被动语态为“不幸语态”，表达对主语而言是不如意或不企望的事，如“受欺骗、受损害或引起不利后果”等等。这种语境语用功能大大制约了被动语态的使用范围。二是语用因素，汉语用以表达被动概念的手段很多，不限于一定用“被”字句。三是惯用法因素，原因来自约定俗成，施事格比较自然、直接，而不拘泥于形式。如这一章校对过了。所以把英语句子译成汉语时，免不了要进行变态。一般有三种转换方式：,20,Homework for today,1) The discovery of a new dish does more for the happiness of mankind than the discovery of new star.,2) Before I was genius, I was a drudge.,3) She was mistress of several bear cubs.,4) Literary works of ours should be imbued with Communist spirit, a quality that includes the cognition of life and an active influence upon life.,21,5) I deem it a great honor to make acquaintance with your Excellency.,6) We must make the best possible use of the local resources.,7) In our view, this meeting in Peking contributes significantly towards that future.,8) The road to development is long but we are firmly on it.,9) No person who is enthusiastic about his work his anything to fear from life.,10) This house is unheated and unfurnished.,22,11) The murder is out.,12) In those years the Republicans were in.,13)Cornelra, she snapped, youve behaved outrageously. I shall send you straight home.“,14) The establishment of UNO aims at promotion of international cooperation and maintenance of world people.,15) Like hundreds and thousands of others, the Arafats were not allowed back by the victorious Israelis.,16）His shameless act was severely condemned by the public.,17) They showed a sympathetic understanding of our problems.,23,18）Even the wisest make mistakes.,19) We are deeply convinced of the correctness of the policy firmly determined to pursue it.,20) Being a native of Scotland, he can hardly change his accent.,21) The music is gas.,22) We also realized the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectors of the economy.,23) We must make a systematic and comprehensive study of the theory on art and literature.,24) Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction.,25) We have known a similar past humiliation and exploitation.,26) We found difficulty in solving the housing problem.,24,