曼昆经济学原理课件三

*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second Level,Third Level,Fourth Level,Fifth Level,相互依存与贸易,考察你日常生活的某一天,:,早晨你被韩国生产的闹钟闹醒,.,给自己喝上一杯用佛罗里达产的橘子榨的果汁,.,穿上用佐治亚生产的棉花做原料而在泰国工厂缝制的衣服,.,从日本生产的电视机上观看纽约播放的早新闻节目,.,开着用来自全世界十几个国家生产的部件组装的车去上学,.,到现在你起床还没有两个小时,!,已经享用了许多素不相识的人向你提供的物品与劳务,Interdependence and Trade,Remember,人们在经济上相互依存，相互交易，经济学就是研究如何生产与分配物品以满足社会成员的需要。人们向你和其他消费者提供物品与劳务，不是因为得到指令或出于仁慈，而是因为他们也得到了某种回报。,在全球化的经济中我们如何满足自己的欲望与需求,?,我们能够做到最经济有效,.,我们专业化生产并和,其他人贸易，由此形,成了经济上的相互依,存性。,Interdependence and Trade,A general observation . . .,个人与国家都依靠专业化生产与交换来解决由稀缺而产生的问题,Interdependence and Trade,但由此而产生了两个问题,:,为什么相互依存是普遍的,?,生产与贸易由什么决定,?,为什么相互依存是普遍的,?,当人们进行专业化生产并相互贸易时，他们的状况会变得更好，相互依存由此而生,.,什么决定了生产与贸易的模式,?,生产与贸易的模式指谁把什么卖给了谁,生产与贸易的模式以机会成本的差异为基础,.,Imagine . . .,只有两种商品,:,土豆,and,牛肉,只有两个人,:,生产土豆的农民与牧牛人,各自应该生产什么,?,他们为什么要贸易,?,一个现代经济的寓言,一个现代经济的寓言,如果农民擅长生产土豆，牧牛人擅长生产牛奶，那么分工与专业化的模式及好处是显而易见的。,如果牧牛人在两种产品的生产上都具有优势呢？,农民与牧牛人的生产机会成本,自给自足,假定互不来往,:,每人消费自己所生产的东西,生产可能性线也就是消费可能性线,.,没有贸易就没有经济收益,.,Production Possibilities Frontiers,Potatoes (pounds),Meat (pounds),4,2,1,2,(a) The Farmers Production,Possibilities Frontier,0,A,Production Possibilities Frontiers,Potatoes (pounds),Meat (pounds),5,40,20,2.5,(b) The Ranchers Production,Possibilities Frontier,0,B,两人的专业化与贸易,如果他们专业化生产自己最适于生产的东西，然后互相交换，则彼此都能更好,The farmer should produce potatoes.,The rancher should produce meat.,The Gains from Trade:,A Summary,The Gains from Trade:,A Summary,Trade Expands the Set of Consumption Possibilities,Potatoes (pounds),Meat (pounds),4,2,2,1,(a) How Trade Increases the Farmers Consumption,0,A,3,3,A*,Farmers consumption without trade,Farmers consumption with trade,Trade Expands the Set of Consumption Possibilities,Potatoes (pounds),Meat (pounds),5,2.5,40,20,(b) How Trade Increases The Ranchers Consumption,0,B,21,3,B*,Ranchers consumption without trade,Ranchers consumption with trade,The Gains from Trade:,A Summary,比较优势原理,谁将生产什么,?,每个产品的贸易量是多少,?,谁生产土豆的成本低,是农民还是牧牛人,?,生产成本的差异决定以下问题的答案,:,生产成本的差异,生产一单位产量所需要的时间（如生产,1,磅土豆所需要的时间）,机会成本，放弃一种产品的生产以生产另一种产品。,有两种方法来恒量生产成本的差异,:,绝对优势,描述一个人（或一个企业或一个国家）相对于另一个人的生产率,某生产者生产同样一件商品只需要用较少量的投入，就可以说该生产者具有生产这种商品的绝对优势。,牧牛人在两种产品的生产都具有绝对优势,比较优势,按机会成本比较生产者生产商品的优势。,生产者生产某商品的机会成本较小，则该生产者具有生产这种商品的比较优势。,专业化与贸易,谁拥有绝对优势,?,农民还是牧牛人,?,谁拥有比较优势,?,农民还是牧牛人,?,绝对优势,生产一磅土豆，牧牛人只需要,8,个小时，农民需要,10,个小时。,生产一磅牛肉，牧牛人只需要,1,个小时，农民需要,20,个小时。,The Rancher has an absolute advantage in the production of both meat and potatoes.,牛肉与土豆的机会成本,Comparative Advantage,牧牛人生产一磅土豆的机会成本是,8,磅牛肉，而农民生产一磅土豆的机会成本是,1/2,磅牛肉。,牧牛人生产一磅牛肉的机会成本是,1/8,磅土豆，农民生产一磅牛肉的机会成本是,2,磅土豆。,Comparative Advantage,所以，牧牛人具有生产牛肉的比较优势，农民具有生产土豆的比较优势。,比较优势原理,比较优势与机会成本的差异是决定生产专业化与贸易的基础。,只要贸易双方存在机会成本的差异，他们就可以从贸易中得益。,贸易的好处,Trade can benefit everyone in a society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage.,Adam Smith and Trade,In his 1776 book,An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,（国民财富的性质及其原因的研究）, Adam Smith,对贸易与经济的相互依存性进行了详细的分析，今天，这仍是经济学家内心的信念。,David Ricardo and Trade,In his 1816 book,Principles of Political Economy and Taxation,（政治经济学及赋税原理）, David Ricardo,提出了我们现在所熟知的比较优势原理,Should Tiger Woods Mow His Own Lawn?,?,?,?,Summary,Interdependence and trade allow people to enjoy a greater quantity and variety of goods and services.,Summary,The person who can produce a good with a smaller quantity of inputs has an absolute advantage.,The person with a smaller opportunity cost has a comparative advantage.,Summary,The gains from trade are based on comparative advantage, not absolute advantage.,Comparative advantage applies to countries as well as to people.,Graphical Review,Production Possibilities Frontiers,Potatoes (pounds),Meat (pounds),4,2,1,2,(a) The Farmers Production,Possibilities Frontier,0,A,Production Possibilities Frontiers,Potatoes (pounds),Meat (pounds),5,40,20,2.5,(b) The Ranchers Production,Possibilities Frontier,0,B,Trade Expands the Set of Consumption Possibilities,Potatoes (pounds),Meat (pounds),4,2,2,1,(a) How Trade Increases the Farmers Consumption,0,A,3,3,A*,Farmers consumption without trade,Farmers consumption with trade,Trade Expands the Set of Consumption Possibilities,Potatoes (pounds),Meat (pounds),5,2.5,40,20,(b) How Trade Increases The Ranchers Consumption,0,B,21,3,B*,Ranchers consumption without trade,Ranchers consumption with trade,