塑料概述讲义课件

,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Click to edit the title text format,Click to edit the outline text format,Second Outline Level,Third Outline Level,Fourth Outline Level,Fifth Outline Level,Sixth Outline Level,Seventh Outline Level,Eighth Outline Level,Ninth Outline Level,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Company Logo,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Company Logo,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Company Logo,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Company Logo,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Company Logo,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Company Logo,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Company Logo,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Company Logo,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Company Logo,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,Click to edit the title text format,Click to edit the outline text format,Second Outline Level,Third Outline Level,Fourth Outline Level,Fifth Outline Level,Sixth Outline Level,Seventh Outline Level,Eighth Outline Level,Ninth Outline Level,*,Click to edit the title text format,Click to edit the outline text format,Second Outline Level,Third Outline Level,Fourth Outline Level,Fifth Outline Level,Sixth Outline Level,Seventh Outline Level,Eighth Outline Level,Ninth Outline Level,*,Click to edit the title text format,Click to edit the outline text format,Second Outline Level,Third Outline Level,Fourth Outline Level,Fifth Outline Level,Sixth Outline Level,Seventh Outline Level,Eighth Outline Level,Ninth Outline Level,*,Click to edit the title text format,Click to edit the outline text format,Second Outline Level,Third Outline Level,Fourth Outline Level,Fifth Outline Level,Sixth Outline Level,Seventh Outline Level,Eighth Outline Level,Ninth Outline Level,*,Click to edit the title text format,Click to edit the outline text format,Second Outline Level,Third Outline Level,Fourth Outline Level,Fifth Outline Level,Sixth Outline Level,Seventh Outline Level,Eighth Outline Level,Ninth Outline Level,*,Click to edit the title text format,Click to edit the outline text format,Second Outline Level,Third Outline Level,Fourth Outline Level,Fifth Outline Level,Sixth Outline Level,Seventh Outline Level,Eighth Outline Level,Ninth Outline Level,*,Click to edit the title text format,Click to edit the outline text format,Second Outline Level,Third Outline Level,Fourth Outline Level,Fifth Outline Level,Sixth Outline Level,Seventh Outline Level,Eighth Outline Level,Ninth Outline Level,*,Click to edit the title text format,Click to edit the outline text format,Second Outline Level,Third Outline Level,Fourth Outline Level,Fifth Outline Level,Sixth Outline Level,Seventh Outline Level,Eighth Outline Level,Ninth Outline Level,*,Click to edit the title text format,Click to edit the outline text format,Second Outline Level,Third Outline Level,Fourth Outline Level,Fifth Outline Level,Sixth Outline Level,Seventh Outline Level,Eighth Outline Level,Ninth Outline Level,*,Click to edit the title text format,Click to edit the outline text format,Second Outline Level,Third Outline Level,Fourth Outline Level,Fifth Outline Level,Sixth Outline Level,Seventh Outline Level,Eighth Outline Level,Ninth Outline Level,*,Click to edit the title text format,Click to edit the outline text format,Second Outline Level,Third Outline Level,Fourth Outline Level,Fifth Outline Level,Sixth Outline Level,Seventh Outline Level,Eighth Outline Level,Ninth Outline Level,*,Click to edit the title text format,Click to edit the outline text format,Second Outline Level,Third Outline Level,Fourth Outline Level,Fifth Outline Level,Sixth Outline Level,Seventh Outline Level,Eighth Outline Level,Ninth Outline Level,*,WELCOME TO,PLANET,POLYMER,2,Company Logo,本节课内容,：,课程目的,了解塑料常用品种,掌握常用塑料的结构式、主要性能及用途,能够根据塑料制品的外形确定成型加工方法,塑 料,概 述,塑料,是在玻璃态下使用的、具有可塑性的高分子材,料。它以树脂为主要组分，加入各种添加剂，能在一定,温度和压力下加工成形的各种材料的总称。,塑料的组成,：,1,）,树脂,:,塑料的主要组分,。它胶粘着塑料中的其它一切组成部分，并使其具有成型性能。绝大多数塑料就是以所用树脂命名的。,2,）,填充剂（填料）,:,提高塑料的力学、电学性能或降低成本等,。它在塑料占有相当大的比例。如加入铝粉可提高光反射能力和防老化；加入二硫化钼可提高润滑性。,常用填充剂有云母粉、石墨粉、炭粉、氧化铝粉、木屑、玻璃纤维、碳纤维等。,3,）,增塑剂,:,提高塑料的可塑性和柔软性,。常用熔点低的低分子化合物来增加大分子链间距离，从而达到增加大分子链的柔顺性的目的。,常用增塑剂有甲酸酯类、磷酸酯类、氯化石蜡等。,塑 料,4,）,稳定剂,:,提高塑料对热、光、氧等的稳定性，延长使用寿命,。,常用,热稳定剂,有硬酯酸盐、环氧化合物和铅的化合物等。,光稳定剂,有炭黑、氧化锌等遮光剂。,5,）,润滑剂,:,提高塑料在加工成形过程中的流动性和脱模能力，同时可使制品光亮美观,。,常用润滑剂有硬酯酸、盐类等。,塑 料,6,）,抗静电剂,:,通过降低电阻来减少摩擦电荷，从而减少或消除制品表面静电荷的形成。,抗静电剂一般是有机氮化物或具有醚结构的化合物,7,）阻燃剂：,用以减缓塑料燃烧性能的助剂,。,8,）,着色剂,:,赋予塑料制品各种色彩,。,常用的着色剂是一些有机染料和无机颜料。有时也采用能产生荧光或磷光的颜料。,塑 料,9,）,发泡剂,:,是一类受热时会分解放出气体的有机化合物，它是制备泡沫塑料的助剂。,10,）偶联剂：,增强剂或填料用偶联剂处理后可提高其效能，改善塑料制品的性能,。,常用的偶联剂有有机硅、有机钛酸酯等。,11,）,固化剂,:,与树脂发生交联反应，使受热可塑的线型结构变成热稳定好的体型结构,。,常用的固化剂如六次甲基四胺、过氧化二苯甲酰等。,塑 料,塑料的分类,1,：热固性塑料与热塑性塑料,按照受热特性分类,热固性塑料塑料,只能被加热一次，冷却后形成永久的形状，不能循环再用,热塑性塑料塑料,受热,后软化，冷却后能再变硬成型，可重复多次,热固性塑料与热塑性塑料,聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚酰胺、聚苯醚、聚四氟乙烯等。,酚醛树脂、,环氧树脂、氨基树脂,、有机硅树脂,环氧树脂,11,PE-HD,PE-LD,PC,RF-PP,m-PPO,PTFE,PET,PBT,PA,POM,PES,PEI,PEEK,PVC,PPSU,PAI,PE-UHMW,PMMA,PP,ABS,PPS,PSU,PBI,amorphous,semi-crystalline,PS,300F,148.9,200F,93.3,400F,204.4,PI,PU,塑料的分类,2,：通用塑料、工程塑料与功能塑料,通用塑料,Classified as materials with operating temperatures below 200F,Generally have low physical properties,Good chemical resistance in most cases,Used as light duty structural parts, media transfer components such as pump bodies, valve bodies, tubing,Generally low cost at the resin level $0.50 to 2.50 per lb.,五大通用塑料,：,PE,，,PVC,，,PP,，,PS,，,ABS,工程塑料,Classified as materials with continuous operating temperatures up to 300F,Generally much stronger and more versatile than commodity plastics. Used in structural and wear applications,Available with enhancements to fit broader demands for service,Costs run between $1.50 25.00 per pound,High Performance Materials,Classified as materials that will perform above 300F,Associated with the most extreme operating conditions,Temperatures up to 850F,Broad chemical resistance,Superior physical strength with some materials better than 7:1 strength to weight ratios,Excellent inherent wear properties,Thermally stable,Costs range from $25-200.00 per pound,通常指具有某些特殊机能的塑料材料，如导电塑料、磁性塑料、抗菌塑料、缓释塑料、吸水性树脂等。,功能塑料,塑料制品分类,3,，,品质指标,按几何形状：管、膜、片、板,按用途：绳、带、袋、人革、日用制品、泡沫塑、电缆、建材,物理性能指标：密度、吸水性、光学性能、热性能、电性能、防磁性、消音性等,机械性能指标：抗张强度、抗弯强度、冲击强度、疲劳强度、剪切伸长、伸长率、弹性模量、耐磨性、硬度等,稳定性能指标：耐老化性、耐化学品性、耐热性、耐燃性、耐生物作用性能等,塑料及其应用,High Density Polythene,Low Density Polythene,Polyvinyl ChloridePolystyrene,Nylon,Cellulose Acetate,Acrylic,Polypropylene,ABS,Epoxy ResinMelamine Formaldehyde,Polyester ResinGlass Reinforced PlasticCarbon Fibre Plastics,Elastomers,1,）,结构单元：,聚乙烯,（,PE,polyethylene,）,：,CH,2,CH,2,2,）,支化结构：,右图：（,a,）高密度,PE,分子链（,b,）低密度,PE,分子链（,c,）线性低密,度,PE,分子链,Polyth,yl,ene,3,）性质：,耐化学腐蚀；,良好的电绝缘性和高频介电性能；,韧性、耐寒性好；,较低的摩擦系数；,不易吸水；,不耐热，不耐大气老化。,Polyth,yl,ene,Low Density Polythene,Properties:,Soft, Flexible good electrical insulator,绝缘体,.,Most,LDPE,application is film based. Industry uses also include wire and cable coating, injection and Blowmolding,.,is used for Plastic bags, Bottles,High Density Polythene,Properties:,Tough, Feels Waxy, Resistant to chemicals.,HDPE,is used for Buckets,(,水桶,), Basins,盆, Bottles, Containers and is extensively used in both Blow Moulding and Injection Moulding processes,Back,1,）,结构单元：,2,）,性质：,无毒、无味、无臭、半透明蜡状固体。密度小，力,学性能高于聚乙烯；耐热性、耐水性良好，化学稳定性,好；但不耐芳香族和氯化烃溶剂，耐寒性差，易老化。,CH,2,CH,2,CH,3,Polypropylene,Polypropylene,Properties:,Rigid, Good fatigue resistance, Good chemical resistance,Polypropylene,is one of the more flexible plastics and is used for Plastic hinges, Crates, Rope & Yarn,Back,1,）,结构单元：,2,）,性质：,具有较高的强度、刚性；良好的电绝缘性、耐化学腐,蚀性；能溶于四氢呋喃和环已酮等有机溶剂；具有阻燃,性；但热稳定性较差，使用温度较低，介电常数、介电,损耗较高。,CH,2,CH,2,Cl,Polyvinyl Chloride,Polyvinyl Chloride,Properties:,Rigid, Weather resistant.,PVC is used for Gutters,(,水槽,), Window frames & Drainpipes. It is often used in the Extrusion process.,Back,1,）,结构单元：,丙烯晴,(A),、丁二烯,(B),、苯乙烯,(S),三种单体（共聚生成）,2,）,性质：,丙烯晴,能提高强度、硬度、耐热性和耐腐蚀性，,丁二烯,能提高韧性，,苯乙烯,能提高电性能和成型加工性能。,ABS,塑料具有较好的抗冲击性能、尺寸稳定性和耐磨性，成型性好，不易燃，耐腐蚀性好，但不耐酮、醛、酯、氯代烃类溶剂。,Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene,Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene,Properties:,Strong and Tough. Impact resistant, Scratch resistant, Chemical resistant. Comes in a wide range of colours.,ABS is used extensively for injection molding, Typical products would be Car bumpers, Kitchen ware, Cases, helmets etc,Back,1,）,结构：,尼龙的品种很多，如尼龙,6,、尼龙,66,、尼龙,610,等。数字表示基本单元中的碳原子数目。所有尼龙分子结构单元中都有一个相同的特征基团酰胺基：,CN,O H,2,）,性质：,聚酰胺属结晶性塑料，半透明，乳白，略带黄色。,由于酰胺基的存在，分子之间有很强的氢键作用，因此聚酰胺的强度高，韧性好；另外,耐磨性和自润滑性好，摩擦系数低；具有良好的耐油、耐溶剂性、阻燃性；但吸水性大，热膨胀系数大，耐热性不高。,Nylon,Nylon,Properties:,Hard, tough, rigid. Self-lubricating. Resistant to petrochemicals.,Nylon,is used for,Gear wheels, Bearings, Curtain rails packaging, film, clothing,Back,1,）,结构单元：,2,）,性质：,低温冲击韧性极佳；,高模量、高强度、抗蠕变，尺寸稳定性好；,OCO,O, C,CH,3,CH,3,透光率高，约为,86,92,；,电绝缘性好。,Polycarbonate,Polycarbonate,Properties:,highly transparent to visible light, with better light transmission than many kinds of glass,Polycarbonate,is a versatile, tough plastic used for a variety of applications, from bulletproof windows to compact disks (CDs).,Back,1,）,结构单元：,2,）,性质：,出色的耐热、耐寒能力（,-180,+260,长期使用）；摩擦系数极低，有自润滑效果；化学稳定性极佳，俗称,“,塑料王,”,；极好的电绝缘性和介电性；但强度低，抗蠕变性较差，不易加工成形。,CF,2,CF,2,Polytetrafluoroethylene,Polytetrafluoroethylene,Properties:,PTFE is a fluorocarbon solid, as it is a high-molecular-weight compound consisting wholly of carbon and fluorine. PTFE is hydrophobic, PTFE has one of the lowest coefficients of friction,摩擦,against any solid.,PTFE,is used as a non-stick coating for pans and other cookware,Back,Polyethylene terephthalate,Properties:,Hard, tough, flexible,PET,is one of the older plastics and is used for film making & Packaging,Back,Polystyrene,Properties:,Soft, Lightweight, Good insulator,Polystyrene,is used extensively in the packaging industry. It is also used to insulate buildings,Back,Acrylic,Properties:,Stiff, Hard, Brittle, Scratches easily,Acrylic,is used for Baths, Signs, Lighting, Windows (Perspex) display stands,Back,Epoxy,Resin,Properties:,Epoxy Resin is generally used as an adhesive of as a liquid for casting,Strong (when reinforced), Clear,Back,Melamine,Formaldehyde,Properties:,Melamine Formaldehyde commonly known as Formica is a composite material made from resin and layers of paper, Commonly used for kitchen worktops,Clarity, Stability to heat, light, chemicals, abrasion and fire,Back,Polyester,Resin,Properties:,Polyester Resin is primarily used with Glassfiber to form GRP however it can be used on its own for casting and embedding,Brittle, Clear,Back,Glass,Reinforced,Plastic,Properties:,Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) is a composite material made from Resin and Glass fiber sheet. This combination produces a lightweight yet extremely strong material and is used everywhere from Speed boat hulls to aircraft,Very Strong, Lightweight,Back,Carbon,Fibre,Plastics,Properties:,Carbon Fibre Plastics have an extremely strong strength to weight ratio and are often used for Sports Car bodywork, High end cycles, fishing rods etc,Very Strong, Lightweight, flexible,Back,Elastomers,Properties:,Elastomers are plastics with elastic properties, most ate capable of considerable deformation and will return to their original shape. Uses range from waterproof seals to foam padding,Flexible, Waterproof,Back,43,