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to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,伤寒论中咳喘辩证治疗,伤寒论,作为中医辨证论治第一书,首创了六经辨证论治体系 其根据脏腑经络、气血阴阳、精血津液等生理功能及其运动变化情况,以及六淫致病各种病态的关联,时刻关注邪正胜衰;动态观察病情变化,以明疾病之所在,证候之进退,预后之吉凶,从而厘定正确之治疗措施,其辨证,必辨表里、阴阳、寒热,真假、气血、主证次证、经络脏腑及其相互转化,处处体现了辨证统一法则和整体恒动观,其论治,必因证设方,因方用药,法度谨严,对中医临床各种疾病辨治均有很好的指导作用。,伤寒论,中对不同原因所致的咳喘(包括短气、不得息),有精辟的论述和行之有效的治法,咳喘为咳嗽、哮病、喘病的共有症状,伤寒论,中所论述咳喘的辨治,除了痰饮及外感等引起的咳嗽、哮喘等,还包括了其他原因引起的呼吸急促困难等疾患,有关咳喘辨治法则与方法的内容极为丰富,1,、咳喘辨治,第,35,条“太阳病,头痛,发热,身疼,腰痛,骨节疼痛,恶风,无汗而喘者,麻黄汤主之”,第,36,条“太阳和阳明合病,喘而胸满者,不可下,宜麻黄汤”,第,235,条“阳明病,脉浮,无汗而喘者,发汗则愈,宜麻黄汤”,解表散寒,宣肺平喘,医案,姜春华医案;胡某某,女,46岁,咳喘已七年,近受风寒侵 袭,胸闷窒塞,呼吸不利。咳喘多痰,喉间作水鸣声,苔白, 脉软,以麻黄汤加味,处方: 麻黄6克,桂枝9克,川朴9克,枳实9克,杏仁9克,甘草6克,2 剂。 药后咳喘减轻,上方去川朴,加陈皮3克,又服2剂,咳止喘 平,呼吸通畅, (,陕西中医学院学报,1990,),按语:本案为冷风哮喘。肺内素有疾饮内伏,受风寒外感引 发。麻黄场外解风寒,内宣肺气,又加枳实、厚朴以肃肺下气,药中其鸽,则其效如神,第,18,条“喘家作,桂枝汤,加厚朴杏子佳”,第,43,条“太阳病,下之微喘者,表未解故也,桂枝加厚朴杏子汤主之”,其两方的辨证要点,均为寒邪壅肺或新感风寒引动宿喘发作,其表现为咳喘发作时或咳喘发作之前有发热恶寒,或头痛、脉浮等风寒表证,并伴有胸闷,咯痰色白质稀,太阳证哮喘,马,,男,,3,岁。,病史,从婴儿时起,常患感冒。两岁时,曾高热咳嗽,服药后热退,但咳嗽未愈,迁延至三岁。近因新感,病势加重,发为喘逆,哮鸣之声,邻室可闻,一诊,咳嗽气喘,喉间痰鸣,痰清稀,白泡沫较多,咳时微汗出,遇风咳甚。面色萎黄,舌质淡红,苔白滑。此为太阳表虚证哮喘。法宜解肌祛风,降逆平喘,以桂枝加厚朴杏子汤加味主之 处方: 桂枝,6,克炙甘草,3,克白芍,6,克生姜,10,克大枣,15,克 厚朴,4,克杏仁,6,克紫菀,6,克防风,3,克五剂,二诊,服上方五剂,咳喘明显减轻,夜能安睡。早晚遇风仍咳喘,痰多,汗出。风邪未尽,湿痰尚盛。上方加茯苓、陈皮、法夏,以除湿化痰 处方: 桂枝,6,克白芍,6,克大枣,10,克生姜,10,克厚朴,4,克杏仁,6,克 紫菀,6,克防风,3,克法夏,9,克炙甘草,3,克云苓,12,克陈皮,5,克三剂,(,三诊,服三剂后,咳喘大减,时咳清稀痰涎。拟小半夏汤加味,温中化饮,祛风止咳治之。 处方: 云苓,12,克法夏,6,克干姜,3,克炙甘草,5,克旋覆花,6,克紫菀,6,克苏叶,3,克防风,3,克,四诊,服四剂,咳喘平。因久病伤正,宜温中益气,健脾除湿,以理中汤加味善其后 服六剂后停药,身体恢复正常,按语,此例太阳表虚,桂枝汤证具。复因风痰交争,新感引动宿疾,气机阻滞,发为哮喘。正如,伤寒论,所说“喘家作,桂枝汤,加厚朴、杏子佳。”验之临床,对太阳伤寒之表虚兼有喘逆之证,不论老幼皆宜,第,40,条“伤寒表不解,心下有水气,干呕,发热而咳,或渴,或利,或噎,或小便不利、少腹满,或喘者,小青龙汤主之” 第,4l,条“伤寒,心下有水气,咳而微喘,发热不渴,服汤已渴者,此寒去欲解也,小青龙汤主之”,1.2,温肺散寒,化饮治喘,其辨证要点咳嗽,气喘,痰多色白清稀,甚则喘息不能平卧,舌苔白滑,脉弦紧咳喘咯痰并见发热恶寒,头身疼痛,无汗,脉浮紧、舌苔白润。治以小青龙汤解表散寒,温化水饮,止咳平喘,表里同治,伤寒论,152,条:“,其人漐漐汗出,发作有时,头痛,心下痞硬满,引胁下痛,干呕短气,汗出不恶寒者,此表解里未和也,十枣汤主之” 悬饮一证,为水饮停于胸胁之间,饮为阴邪,阴遏阳气,气机壅滞,肺气不利,故而见有短气,当用十枣汤峻下逐水治之,1.3,逐饮行水,降气定喘,1.4,清肺化痰,止咳平喘,第,63,条“发汗后,不可更行桂枝汤;汗出而喘,无大热者,可与麻黄杏仁甘草石膏汤”,第,162,条“下后,不可更行桂枝汤;若汗出而喘,无大热者,可与麻黄杏子甘草石膏汤”,其辨证要点,发热、咳嗽、气喘、鼻煽、脉滑数,咳喘,发热,口渴,痰黏白或黄,胸痛或恶风、头痛、鼻塞,舌尖红,苔薄白而干或薄黄,脉浮数,用麻杏石甘汤,清宣肺热止咳喘,适宜于热邪壅肺之咳喘,1.5,峻下热结,降气平喘,208,条“阳明病,脉迟,虽汗出不恶寒者,其身必重,短气,腹满而喘;有潮热者,此外欲解,可攻里也;手足濈然汗出者,此大便已硬也,大承气汤主之;若汗多,微发热恶寒者,外未解也,法与桂枝汤;其热不潮,未可与承气汤;若腹大满不通者,可与小承气汤微和胃气,勿令至大泄下”,一男童,,4,岁,发烧并咳喘一天,于,8,月,28,日就诊,患儿,27,日晚上开始发烧,前额头痛,喘咳,咽痛,鼻流清涕,纳食尚可,腹胀满,夜寐欠安,大便干结,咽红,有疱疹,微溃疡创面,脉沉数,诊断:疱疹性咽颊炎,+,哮喘复发(原来有哮喘),伤寒论云:阳明病,但头眩,不恶寒。故能食而咳,其人咽必痛,为阳明合并太阳病,开,2,副麻杏石甘汤加小承气汤加减,服两剂后,患儿热退,活泼,喘渐平,第,242,条“病人小便不利,大便乍难乍易,时有微热,喘冒不能卧者,有燥屎也”,因阳明里实,燥热与糟粕相合,形成燥屎,腑气不通,燥热上迫于肺则喘,以大承气汤攻下实热,荡除燥结,肠中邪热燥结若去,腑气通畅,则肺气得以下降,短气、喘等症亦愈,1.6,辛凉清热,降气平喘,第,221,条“阳明病,脉浮而紧,咽燥口苦,腹满而喘,发热汗出,不恶寒,反恶热,身重,”,阳明热炽,津液损伤,故咽干口苦;热邪内壅,气机阻滞,肺气上逆,故腹满而喘;热盛伤气,气机不利,因而身重,;,其发热汗出,不恶寒,反恶热,是阳明外证,为阳明内热炽盛迫津外泄之故,1.7,涌吐痰实,降气平喘,166,条“病如桂枝证,头不痛,项不强,寸脉微浮,胸中痞硬,气上冲咽喉不得息者,此为胸有寒也,当吐之,宜瓜蒂散”,本证虽与桂枝汤证类似,但头不痛,项不强,则与桂枝汤证有别,而以胸中痞硬,气上冲咽喉,不得息为其主证,属痰实阻于胸膈,肺失肃降,气机不畅,;,因胸膈为痰涎壅盛,气机受损,故胸中痞硬;肺气因而不降,则气上冲咽喉,呼吸困难,1.8,泻热逐水平喘,伤寒论,134,条“太阳病,脉浮而动数,医反下之,动数变迟,膈内拒痛,胃中空虚,客气动膈,短气烦躁,心中懊憹,阳气内陷,心下因硬,则为结胸,大陷胸汤主之”,大结胸证由无形邪热与内蕴有形之水饮结于胸中所致,水热互结,气不得通,故亦可见肺气不利之短气,治当以大陷胸汤泻热逐水,2,异病同治,伤寒论,还有一些条文并未提到明显的咳喘症候,但根据,伤寒论,中辨证精神和病因病机,“异病同治”的原则,以下的治法广泛用于现在的咳喘患者,仍不失为指导临床实践的有效方法,2.1,解表散寒平喘,兼清里热,第,38,条“太阳中风,脉浮紧,发热恶寒,身疼痛,不汗出而烦躁者,大青龙汤主之”,太阳表实,汗孔闭塞特甚,阳气无从发越,则阳气内郁益甚,气有余便是火,则见“不汗出而烦躁”,故用大青龙汤发汗解表,兼清里热,从而达到平喘的作用,原文,太阳中风,脉浮紧,发热恶寒,身疼痛,不汗出而烦躁者,青龙汤主之若脉微弱,汗出恶风者,不可服之。服之则厥逆,筋惕肉瞤,此逆也(,38,)大青龙汤方麻黄六两,去节桂枝二两,去皮甘草二两,炙杏仁四十枚,去皮尖生姜三两,切大枣十枚,擘石膏如鸡子大,碎上七味,以水九升,先煮麻黄,减二升,去上沫,内诸药,煮取三升,去滓,温服升,取微似汗。汗出者,温粉粉之。一服汗者,停后服。若复服,汗多亡阳遂虚,恶风烦躁,不得眠也,提 要,太阳伤寒兼里热的证治及大青龙汤的禁例与变证,原文,伤寒脉浮缓,身不疼但重,乍有轻时,无少阴证者,大青龙汤发之,(39),第,38,条“中风”概括风寒之邪而言。“太阳中风”实指太阳伤寒表实无疑,当用麻黄汤治疗,然而本证尚有“烦躁”一症,“不汗出而烦躁”,不汗出即是一症状,又是导致本证的原因,风寒表实,发汗则愈,今不汗出,以致寒邪在表不解,阳气闭郁不伸,进而化热,内热扰心故生烦躁。本证实为风寒之邪外束肌表,热郁于里而烦躁之证,“若脉微弱,汗出恶风者,不可服之”句,又阐述了大青龙汤的禁忌证,“脉微弱”为里阳不足,“汗出恶风”属荣卫俱虚之候,里阳不足,荣卫虚弱者,当禁大青龙汤,“服之则厥逆,筋惕肉瞤,此为逆也”句,又申述对里阳不足或荣卫虚弱者,误投峻汗之大青龙汤,则可因过汗亡阳,阳气不能充达四肢,而致四肢厥逆;过汗亡阳脱液,筋肉失养,则见筋惕肉瞤,因治疗错误而导致病情变逆,大青龙汤是由麻黄汤重用麻黄再加石膏、生姜、大枣而成,为发汗之峻剂倍用麻黄、佐桂枝,生姜辛温发汗散寒以启表闭,加石膏辛寒,一可配麻黄解肌以开阳郁,又可清热以除烦躁。甘草、大枣和中以滋汗源。方为表里双解之剂。服药后以汗出邪解取效,犹如龙升雨降,郁热顿除,故仲景喻以大青龙而命方名,大青龙汤中倍用麻黄的意义:,本汤证的病机为外感风寒,内有郁热之表里俱实证,偏重于表寒,不汗出而烦躁是本汤证之辨证要点,本汤证与麻黄汤证相较,两证皆为表实无汗,唯有烦躁一症是大青龙汤证所独有。如,南阳活人书,云:“大青龙治病与麻黄汤证相似,但病尤重而又加烦躁者用之。”本汤方禁忌:脉微弱、汗出、恶寒者不可服之。,2.2,温肺止咳平喘,96,条:“,往来寒热,胸胁苦满,嘿嘿不欲饮食,心烦喜呕,或咳者,小柴胡汤主之”,小柴胡汤方后注云:“若咳者,去人参、大枣、生姜,加五味子半升、干姜二两”,程郊倩曰:“咳者,半表之寒凑入于肺,故去参枣,加五味子,易生姜为干姜,以温之”,尤在泾曰:“咳者,肺寒气逆也,故加五味子之酸以收逆气,干姜之温以却肺寒,参枣甘壅不利于逆,生姜之辛,亦恶其散尔”,318,条:“少阴病,四逆,其人或咳,或悸,或小便不利,或腹中痛,或泄利下重者,四逆散主之。”,方后注云:“咳者,加五味子、干姜,”,本证主要为肝气郁结,气机不畅,兼咳者,亦属肺寒气逆,故以四逆散加五味子、干姜,疏肝解郁,温肺止咳治之,少阴证哮喘,刘,,男,,9,岁。来我院要求三伏敷贴治疗,病史,患儿自一岁开始经常咳喘,后诊断为“哮喘”,经常发作,每冬必重,常须住院治疗。经市儿童医院确诊为“支气管哮喘”、“肺气肿” 久治未愈。来我院就诊,按少阴证论治,初诊,气急,心悸,乏力,偶有咳嗽,痰少,清稀色白,体稍胖,唇乌,舌淡白,苔灰白厚腻时值伏天,哮喘虽未大作,但病根犹存,此证属少阴。法宜扶先天之元阳,纳浊阴之气,以四逆加味主之,处方: 制附片,20,克,(,久煎,),干姜片,20,克炙甘草,6,克上肉桂,5,克生白术,10,克茯苓,10,克,二诊,上方加减服,2,周,渚证皆减。活动后还觉气急,心累,舌质仍淡,苔腻稍退。,阳衰阴盛,日久难复,守原法再进,三诊,上方加减又服二十余剂,气急,心累明显减轻,舌质微现淡红,苔厚腻减。为扶正驱邪,巩固疗效,拟四逆、理中合方加味,配成丸药,坚持服用两月,按语,虚喘之证,无非气虚,气藏于肺而根于肾,补肾纳气之法,阳旺邪消,哮喘,自平,2.3,温阳化饮,止咳平喘,第,67,条:“伤寒,若吐、若下后,心下逆满,气上冲胸,起则头眩,脉沉紧,发汗则动经,身为振振摇者,茯苓桂枝白术甘草汤主之”,指出伤寒误用吐下,损伤脾阳,致使水液不能正常输布,停而为饮,苓桂术甘汤适宜于阳虚水饮内停之咳喘,温经通阳,化气利水,从而达到平喘的作用,其他如,71,条、,72,条、,73,条、,74,条,五苓散证和茯苓甘草汤证,也可以配合其他方剂,用于有水气的咳喘患者,化气利水,平喘,3,变证及调护,第,221,条“,若发汗则躁,心愦愦反谵语;若加温针,必怵惕,烦躁不得眠;若下之,则胃中空虚,客气动膈,心中懊憹;舌上胎者,栀子汤主之”,75,条提到的“,发汗后,饮水多,必喘,以水灌之” 为太阳表证,大汗后,胃气尚弱,暴饮多饮,造成水停之患,内停之水气上射于肺,肺失肃降,而作喘促,谢 谢,谢谢大家!,结 语,
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