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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Introduction,to,the Course,Chapter 1,Week 9,Our learning focus will be on the following two points:,The,macro,-,structure,(,moves and steps,) of each section or chapter (the second section of chapters in this book, e.g. P10-16, P31-40, etc),the,tense and voice,of each section or chapter (e.g. P27,P52, P83, etc),Why reading, translation, and writing?,The purpose of,reading,practice is to digest the lecture; while the purpose of,translation,is to make you become alert with the different sentence structures of the Chinese and English languages; and the so-called,writing,practice is for you to have a chance to translate the sections of your own article into English.,Genre,:语类,语体,体裁,即根据,写作目的,把天下文章归类划分的行为。,Swales (1990),:,A class of communicative events, the members of which share some set of,communicative purposes,.,Bhatia(1993),:,A recognizable communicative event characterized by,a set of communicative purposes,identified and mutually understood by the members of the professional academic community in which it regularly occurs. Most often it is,highly structured,and,conventionalized,.,例如可以分为表达性文体、说理性文体、文学性文体、指示性文体。,Persuasive, argumentative (to persuade, to argue),Rather than expository, or informative (to tell, to inform),It is,a combination of informing and persuasion,. Informing + persuasion,Informing is the,means, while persuasion is the,end.,要想让人相信你的,主观看法,(,结论,),,必须对客观事物,(,研究过程和结果,),做出最,精准,、为同行所接受的,客观,描述。,学术论文属于说理性文体,或,说理性语类,。,但其中有很大部分是,说明性,的,这种,informative,和,persuasive,相结合的特点贯穿于论文全文。例如,在方法和结果部分,主要是说明性(告诉事实)的,尽量客观地叙述采用了什么方法,得出了什么结果;但到了讨论、结论部分,就得参杂作者的主观色彩了,即对研究结果进行,解释,并得出,结论,。,在对某个,genre,进行分析时,两人都把它细化为两个概念,moves, steps,。,Move is a,functional component, as,basic element,of a genre, which contributes to fulfilling the,overall purpose,of the genre. Step is regarded as,a lower level unit,of genre chosen to,realize move,.,名词解释,P1,模糊限制语:,hedges,指一些单词或者短语,使得本来很确定的意思变得不太肯定,例如:,I,bit of,like him. The journalist,seems,to doubt the credibility of Putins commitment,P2,矛盾统一体:既是现有体系之一部分,又发展、改进或者推翻了现有知识体系,;,与现有体系又相似,又有不同,是继承和创新的关系。,矛盾,是因为有创新;统一,是因为脱胎于旧有体系。,P3,作者的隐身:指在叙述研究方法、结果等时不用人称代词“我”“我们”,而是用被动语态,用客体(受事)作句子的主语。例如,200 students,were invited to participate in this survey.,Result,shows ,it,is found that ,P5: Nominalization,名物化,名词化。,根词:,Nominal(,名词,),。意思是把原来不是名词的词当作名词来使用的现象。这一现象在学术写作中非常普遍。它是把动词短语、形容词短语等压缩之后形成一个名词短语,把,过程,(动词)或,性质,(形容词)变成,现象,(名词),使得信息密度加大,并且使这个名词放在主语位置,以便让新的信息有机会被介绍进来。例如:,P6,第一个方面(已知信息),是,声明,研究领域的,中心地位(新信息)。,中心地位,的,声明(已知信息),意在表明,(新信息),由此例看出,名词化使得原来松散的信息被打包成一个短语,增加了句子所包含的,命题,的数量,因而使得学术论文变得抽象、难懂。,His younger brother studies applied mathematics.,此句含有如下命题:,1. There is a man. 2. There is another man. 3. The second man is the brother of the first man. 4. The second man is younger than the first man. 5. His younger brother studies something. 6. It is mathematics. 7. it is applied mathematics, not pure mathematics.,即在这个短短的句子里包含了,7,个命题。这个句子的成形是通过对,7,个单独的命题的压缩而实现的。因此,一个句子包含的命题越多,就越抽象,也越复杂、难懂。但此句不涉及名词化。,The,development,of China makes some countries unhappy. Their,unhappiness,is reflected in their,attack,on some of Chinas policies.,包含的命题:,1. There is a country. 2. It is called China. 3. China develops quickly in recent years. 4. there are some other countries. 5. these countries are unhappy. 6. They are unhappy because China develops quickly. 7. China has some policies. 8. They attack some of Chinas policies. 9. Their attack reflects their unhappiness.,共出现了,9,个命题。而且第,9,个命题本身已经不能用一般名词作主语了。,这是名词化的结果。出现了三个名词化现象,(,绿色标注的三个单词,),。使得原来的,9,句话压缩成了现在的两句话。如果不对过程(,develop, attack,)和性质,(unhappy),加以名词化(打包),就必须用很多句子表达。,像小孩子的故事书,,信息密度很低,很罗嗦,也是对成人智商的侮辱。,名词化不但增加了词汇密度,而且使得新信息变成旧信息,更使得更新的信息被介绍进来。层层深入,直达核心,越来越具体,象剥洋葱。,P6,集成引用、非集成引用、施事、盖然性,引用,是指在论文的某些章节(例如在,文献回顾、讨论,部分),要提到某个研究者,并引用这位研究者所说过的,一句话,或,理论主张,,或下的,定义,,或,研究发现,。,集成引用,指的是在论文里直接提到作者。下面的,Chomsky,的例子就是。再如, Swales(1990) stated that , (P92,,第,8,段第,4,行、第,15,段第,3,行 ),,当作者重要时,.,非集成引用,指的是不直接提及作者,而是注释一下,例如放在句末括号里,或标注(,P15,第,1,段第,3,、,5,、,7,行),,当作者不重要时 。,施事,,agent,:指做某件事的人,与,受事,recipient,对应。,被动态中的施事,指的是被动句中动作的发出者,例如:,As is suggested by Chomsky(1965).,这句中的,Chomsky,就是一个施事。,盖然性,或然性,,probability:,数学概念,指某种情况的发生概率不是,100%,,,而是处于,0-1,之间,(,若为,no,,则是,0,,若为,yes,,则是,1,,处于两者之间的就是,probably),。在书中此处意思是过去时和现在完成时的使用不是完全非此即彼,文中用了“比较普遍”,“多使用”等词表示。,Mostly, usually, sometimes, always,,,maybe,Homework,1.,请问下面这项工作一般出现在论文的哪一章?,Why?,“,要说服同行,作者要按照社会认可的方式,报告自己的研究,,与同行的研究结果相互比较、对比,并提出自己的观点。”,(,P2,),2.,请理解下面的话,并通过对比两篇论文,对这段话做出回答。(一篇是硕士论文,一篇是博士论文),看它们的,discussion,部分的页码数以及各自在全文中所占的比例。为什么会有这样的差异?硕士们的学术地位如何?博士呢?别人对他们的看法和期望值有何不同?各自的贡献大小如何?,研究结果对已有的知识体系贡献越大,意味着它融入知识体系的难度越大,为读者所接受的难度就越大,作者需要做的讨论就必然越详细越复杂。,(,P9,),3.,结合自己写论文的体会,深入理解下面两句话的含义。写出自己的理解。内容为什么要选择?怎样选择?哪些内容要选择进来,是对自己有利的内容吗?还是与研究目的关系重大的内容?结构布局怎样精心设计,是要骗取同行的信任吗?还是要反复整理自己的思绪,以最合理的顺序,并凭借逻辑推理的力量,严格遵循论文写作规范,来展示结果,说服读者?,“为了应对针对自己观点的反对意见,不仅文章展示的,内容是有选择的,而且,结构布局也要精心设计”,(,P2,),注,:,第,3,题不必做,仅供大家思考,.,下周预告:第二章:,Introduction,请预习,并熟读,P15,的例文“,lessons learned from biodiversity conservation,”,在书上空白处标出语步和步骤。,
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