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单击键入标题,Add your text,单击键入标题,Add your text,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,中暑诊断与治疗医务科,Contents,治疗(,treatment,),概述(,Overview,),诊断(,diagnosis,),Definition,高温环境(室温,35,),高湿环境(湿度,80%,),一定时间体力活动,对热应激适应能力下降,引起体温调节中枢功能和汗腺功能障碍,使水和电解质代谢失衡,出现以神经系统为主的一系列临床症状。,张玉梅等,.,中国社区医师,2015,31(23):87-89.,RISK OF HEAT STROKE,世界上许多地区因高温影响,出现大量人员死亡事件。美国,CDC,报道,在,1979-2002,年期间,美国总共有,4,780,人死于中暑,其中在,1993-2002,年期间,亚利桑那的死亡率是美国的,3-7,倍,近,5,年来热射病的发病率显著高于,35,年前。,1.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.2005 Jul 1;54(25):628-30.,2.Pryor RR,,,et al.,Prehosp Disaster Med.2015 Jun;30(3):297-305.,2003,年,Fouillet A,et al. Int Arch Occup Environ Health2006;80:1624.,Pirard P,et al. Euro Surveill2005;10:1536.,中暑死亡人数,Kysely J, Kim J.Clim Res2009;38:10516.,Whitman S,et al. Am J Public Health1997;87:151518.,more recently, a heatwave across India and Pakistan has resulted in excess of 3000 deaths, particularly in the elderly and poor,1.Bagcchi S. BMJ,2015;350:h3047.,2.Clark J. BMJ2015;350:h3477.,2009-2013,年上海市报告突发公共卫生事件,266,起,,46.6%,为传染病事件。高温中暑事件,86,起(,32.3%,),其中,103,人死亡。,陈蓉等,.,环境与职业医学,.2015,32(04):336-339,2015,年中国,CDC,报道:,全国共报告中暑病例,1195,例,死亡,16,例(山东省,6,例、上海市,6,例、重庆市和湖北省各,2,例)。其中重症中暑,223,例,热射病,83,例死亡,6,例;热衰竭,23,例,死亡,5,例;混合型,19,例,死亡,4,例;热痉挛,95,例。,李雷雷等,.,疾病监测,2015,30(8):614-617,Diagnosis,Diagnostic elements,(,4+2,),高温,高湿,高强度体力活动,1,A,B,C,D,发热、胃肠炎、年龄、饮酒、肥胖、电解质紊乱、心肺疾病,Diagnosis,Clinical manifestation,高温下出现大汗、口渴、无力头晕、眼花、耳鸣、恶心、心悸、注意力不集中、四肢发麻等,体温不超过,38,。,先兆中暑,2,Diagnosis,Clinical manifestation,上述症状加重,出现面色潮红或苍白,皮肤湿冷,脉搏细弱心率快血压下降等器官功能衰竭的症状及体征。体温,38,轻度中暑,2,热射病,(,Heat shot),热痉挛,(Heat cramps),热衰竭,(Heat exhaustion),A,B,C,Classification of severe heat stroke,重度中暑,Diagnosis,Clinical manifestation,(,l,)热射病,高热、无汗、昏迷,。面色潮红,皮肤干热,血压下降,呼吸急促,心率快,体温在,40,以上。,重度中暑,2,Diagnosis,Clinical manifestation,热痉挛,大量出汗后突然出现阵发性四肢及腹壁肌肉甚至肠平滑肌痉挛和疼痛。,意识清、体温正常,重度中暑,2,Diagnosis,Clinical manifestation,(,2,)热衰竭,面色苍白、皮肤湿冷、脉搏细弱血压降低、呼吸快而浅、神志不清、腋温低,肛温在,38.5,左右,重度中暑,2,Diagnosis of heatstroke,laboratory examination,三大常规,3,152,例中暑患者三大常规结果统计,项目,例数,百分比,升高范围,恢复时间,白细胞总数升高,62,40.8,1000015000/L,25,天,白细胞总数降低,15,9.9,30004000/L,12,周,大小便正常,152,100,A,金梅等,.,九江医学,2005,(15),Diagnosis of heatstroke,laboratory examination,肝功能,3,152,例中暑患者肝功能检查结果,项目,降低,百分比,(%),升高,百分比,总蛋白,19,12.5,2,1.3,白蛋白,6,3.9,球蛋白,2,1.3,总胆红质,4,2.6,间接胆红素,2,1.3,谷丙转氨酶,18,11.8,谷草转氨酶,20,13.2,谷氨酰转肽酶,6,3.9,19,12.5,碱性磷酸酶,1,1.3,10,6.7,Diagnosis of heatstroke,laboratory examination,肾功能及肌酶,3,152,例中暑患者肾功能及肌酶检查结果,项目,降低,百分比,(%),升高,百分比,二氧化碳,59,38.8,尿素氮,1,0.7,尿酸,29,19.1,葡萄糖,1,0.7,55,36.2,乳酸脱氢酶,53,34.9,肌酸激酶,52,34.2,Diagnosis of heatstroke,laboratory examination,血脂,3,152,例中暑患者肝功能检查结果,项目,降低,百分比,(%),升高,百分比,甘油三脂,17,11.2,4,2.6,胆固醇,33,21.7,1,0.7,载脂蛋白,A,50,32.9,载脂蛋白,B,48,31.6,Diagnosis of heatstroke,laboratory examination,其它,3,152,例中暑患者辅助检查结果,项目,检查例数,正常,百分比,异常,百分比,胸片检查,32,32,100,肝脾,B,超检查,24,15,62.5,9,(脾大),37.5,血沉,26,26,100,头颅,CT,5,5,100,心电图,58,12,20.7,46,79.3,窦性心律不齐,窦性心动过缓,ST,段改变,18,26,2,Diagnosis of heatstroke,拟诊,D1,D2,排除诊断(辅助检查,D3,),确诊,诊断总结,Summary of diagnosis,热射病,阳光暴露,+,神经症状,T,40,热痉挛,热、湿,+,肌肉痉挛,T,正常,先兆症状,+,呼吸及循环衰竭症状,T,38,高温环境,+,大汗口渴,无力,头晕眼花,耳鸣,恶心,心悸,注意力不集中,四肢发麻等,,T,38,先兆中暑,轻度中暑,重度中暑,热衰竭,热、湿,+,脏器衰竭,T,正常,全军重症医学专业委员会,.,解放军医学杂志,2015,40(1):1-7,Treatment of heat stroke,中医治疗,TCM Treatment,西医治疗,Treatment of Western medicine,A,B,Treatment of Chinese medicine(Decoction),辛凉清解芳化渗湿法,.,银花,15g,连翘,10g,竹叶,8g,生石膏,10g,藿香,10g,佩兰,10g,六一散,15g,伤暑,轻证,清热益气养阴法,竹叶石膏汤加减,.,竹叶,10g,石膏,30g,党参,15g,麦冬,10g,知母,12g,甘草,6g,中暑重证,清暑益气法,.,西洋参,10g(,北沙参,30g),石斛,10g,麦冬,8g,黄连,3g,竹叶,10g,荷梗,10g,知母,10g,生甘草,5g,西瓜翠衣,12g,署伤津气,益气敛津固脱法,.,以生脉散加味,.,人参,10g,或党参,30g,麦冬,10g,五味子,8g,生龙骨,15g,生牡蛎,15g,生甘草,6g,津气欲脱,徐必海,.,东方食疗与保健,.,2009,07,15,Treatment of Chinese medicine(Chinese patent medicine),藿香正气水或藿香正气软胶囊,瓮恒,.,霍香正气散防治中暑探析,.,光明中医,2008,23(10):1603,Treatment of Chinese medicine(Chinese medicine injections),生脉注射液,复方麝香注射液,清开灵注射液,1.,戴林等,.,南京中医药大学学报,2004,20(6):381.,2.,兰秋平,.,第,1,届中青年医帅急危重症论坛论文汇编,.2007:186.,3.,郭洪波等,.,中国中医急症,2008,17(2):195.,Western medicine treatment,目标:,10-40,分钟内,,T,降至,39.5,以下;,2,小时降至,38.5,以下并保持。,降温,Western medicine treatment,措施:,环境降温,-,通风、阴凉,室温,20,体表降温,-,凉水,擦,身,冷水(,4,),浸浴(无循环障碍),,T,下降,0.2/min,也可使用低温治疗仪。,降温,Lemire BB,et al.Med Sci SportsExerc,2009,41(8):1633-9,Western medicine treatment,措施:,体内,降温,-,4,冰盐水胃肠灌洗,连续血液净化(,CRRT)-,调控置换液,温度、清除炎症因子,可降低死亡率。,降温,杨婉花等,.,临床急诊杂志,2016,03:224-226,Western medicine treatment,措施:,药物降温,-,氯丙嗪,剂量,25,50mg,加入,500ml,生理盐水中静脉滴注,,1,2,小时,观察血压变化。,4-6hT,下降,有效率达,66.67%,。,降温,倪六平,郑艳,.,海峡药学,2012,09:,202-203,Western medicine treatment,措施:,静脉输液,-,Casa,等认为,对于意识,丧失的热射病患者应尽快静脉输入,2,3L,复方乳酸钠溶液,并可添加,10,20mL50%,的葡萄糖注射液。,降温,Casa DJ,,,et al. Cirr Sports Med Rep,2012,11(3):115-123.,Prevention and treatment of heat stroke complications,肝功,损害,心肺肾脑,低钠血症,DIC,张玉梅,.,中国社区医师,2015,31(23):87-89,714,例中暑患者并发症情况研究,肝功能异常处理,Treatment of abnormal liver function,保肝,异甘草酸镁注射液,0.2g+,10%GS250ml,静滴,,Qd,降温,保护肝功能必须在积极降温的基础之上,保肝,其它保肝药物,VitB,、,VitC,和辅酶,A,等,保肝,还原性谷胱苷肽,1200mg+NS100mliv,,,qd,心、肺、肾、脑功能异常,Heart, lung, kidney, brain dysfunction,急性肾损害,尽早使用,CRRT,心功能不全,控制输液速度,心衰常规治疗,呼吸功能衰竭,尽早使用呼吸机,神经功能异常,72h,内脑水肿使用甘露醇,用纳络酮、醒脑静、胞二磷胆碱等促醒药,郭美华等,.,中国基层医药,2004,11:1349,张庆利等,.,中国全科医学,2005,8:997,低钠血症,Characteristics of hyponatremia,发生率:,80%,,血钠,125mmol/L,常引起低钠脑病,8.27%,病死率:,50%-80%,发现率:易被病情掩盖,低血钠表现:以乏力、嗜睡为主,少数腓肠肌痉挛,与昏迷不同:如无刺激,患者一直处于睡眠状态,一旦唤醒,可正确回答问题。但刺激一旦消失,患者很快再度呈昏睡状态,治疗,:,及时补充钠盐,弥散性血管内凝血,Disseminated or diffuse intravascular coagulation,DIC,6h,内,复苏目标,CVP8,12mmHg ,尿量,0.5ml/kgh,MAP65mmHg,SCVO,2,70,NS/,复方氯化钠注射液,PLT,进行性减少、,PT,明显延长、,FIB,含量明显下降,低分子肝素钙皮下注射,,1,次,/12h,PLT,计数及,FIB,含量逐步减量,用药,7d,依据液体复苏情况、血小板下降和凝血酶原延长情况可补充新鲜血浆、血小板和凝血酶原复合物,补血,纠酸,早期抗凝,快速扩容,张玉梅,.,中国社区医师,2015,,,31(23):87-89,四早一支持,四早,一支持,早降温,早扩容,早抗凝,早改善微循环,支持器官功能,治疗总结(四早一支持),Treatment summary,钟正江,.,中国全科医学, 2007,10(14):1140-1141,Thank you!,
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