(医学专业英语)医学英语术语学

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Features of Medical Terminology,重庆医科大学附属第一医院,罗 涛,loto7869aliyun,一、学习医学英语构词法的重要性,二、英语发展简史,三、医学英语术语的基本特征,四、医学英语术语构词规则,五、医学英语术语的读音规则,六、医学英语构词法的常用词缀,一、学习医学英语构词法的重要性,pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis,Pneumono-ultra-microscopic-silico-volcano-coniosis,粉尘病,火山,硅,/,矽,超显微的,肺的,It develops only after years of exposure to,low levels of silica dust.,Symptoms include hyperventilation, coughing,dysphonia,(发声困难), anorexia (厌食), chest pain and increased susceptibility to tuberculosis.,Pneumono-ultra-micro-scopic-silico-volcano-coni-osis,医,硅酸盐沉着病,矽肺病,Pneumonoconiosis,二、英语发展简史,（一）英语语言的历史发展,古英语（,Old English,）（,449-1100,）,中世纪英语（,Middle English,）,(11001500,）,现代英语（,Modern English,）（,1500,至今）,1.英语的历史形成受多个语言的影响：,最古老的是凯尔特语（,Celt,）,最基本的是盎格鲁撒克逊语言（,Angles-Saxons,）,影响最大的外来语言是法语,对科学术语影响最大的是希腊语和拉丁语。,2,、医学英语来源,Origin of Medical Terms,Greek : 48.2%,Latin: 38.3%,Anglo-Saxon: 12.2%,Medical English is mainly from Greek Medicine,Greek Mythology,Asclepius,Son of Apollo,God of medicine,Hippocratis,Father,of,Western,Medicine,Achilles,，,Achilles tendon,，,Achilles heel,Narcissus, Narcissism,Hypnos,，,Hypnosis,，,Hypnosophist,，,Hypnosophy,ahypnosis,（,sleeplessness,）,ATLAS,三、医学英语术语的基本特征,（,一）,Trilogy of Medical Terms,汉语,anglo-saxon,语古希腊语 古拉丁语,体,body soma corpus,心,heartcardia cor,肠,bowel enteronintestine,肾,kidney nephros renes,血,blood hemasanquis,Examle:,体,Body,Corporo-,Somato-,-some,胃,体,Stomach,body,=,Gastric,corpus,Somatic,Cell,体细胞,染色,体,chromo,somes,in-,spir,ation,吸气,ex-,spir,ation,呼气,re-,spir,ation,呼吸,spir,ation-meter,肺量计,（,二）构词形的“举一反三”联想特征,构词形具有强烈的,系统倾向,，,可以增强记忆的系统效果,。,-spiro-,（呼吸，螺旋）,呼吸系统,其他系统,微生物,药物,spiro,-mycin,螺旋霉素,spiro,-nolactone,螺内酯,spiro,-chetespar,kit,螺旋体,单数复数 举例,aae pleur,a,pleur,ae,mamata hemoto,ma,hemoto,mata,menmina lu,men,lu,mina,uma bacteri,um,bacteri,a,xces appendi,x,appendi,ces,xges pharyn,x,pharyn,ges,（,三）特殊的单复数及字母间的互通使用,connea,conneae,analysis,analyses,bacterium,bacteria,sarcoma,Sarcomata,coccus,cocci,apex,Apices,ganglion,ganglia,cervix,Cervices,Plural forms of medical terms are absolutely regular.,aee,，,oee,，,ouu,，,phf,，,yi,haemorrhagehemorrhage oedemaedema,oulitis,ulaitis,ulitis,julaitis,sulphonamidesulfonamide,slfunmid,slfnmaid,syrupsirup,（,四）字母的互通,英 美 例词,our,or,tum,our,tum,or,yse,yze,paral,yse,paral,yze,xion,ction,refle,xion,reflec,tion,ogue,og,catal,ogue,catal,og,c,k,dis,c,dis,k,（,五）英美拼写形式不同,在英美医学英语的拼写形式中有时也存在差异，可见医学英语单词的特殊性。比如：,-itis,在医学专业中当“,inflammation”(,炎症,),讲，,gastritis,胃炎, pneumonitis,肺炎；而在一般用法中，当“,fanaticism”(,狂热，癖,),讲，如：,danceitis,（跳舞狂），,televisonitis,（电视狂）。,-lith,在医学术语中，为“,石，结石,”，如：,cholelith,（胆结石）, urolith,（尿石）。但在一般用法中，当“,石，岩石,”，如：,megalith,巨石, aerolith,陨石。,-ism,在医学术语中，为“,中毒，疾病，病态,”，如,:alcoholism,（酒精中毒），,hyperthyroidism,（甲状腺机能亢进）。在一般用法中，为“,主义，学说，行为，状态,”，如：,communism,（共产主义），,heroism,（英雄行为）,（,六）一些词素具有专业的特殊意义,四、医学英语术语构词规则（重要）,词根,(root),词缀,(affix),前缀,(prefix),后缀,(suffix),缀合元音字母（,combining vowel,）,在结构上,依附,于词根，在意义上可能有,3,种情况,（一）词根,（二）词缀,在结构上是词的,基础,，在意义上是,词义的基本组成部分和词义形成的,出发点,表示,附加性的词汇,意义，与词根共同构成单词；,如,re(,再,)+write(,写,)rewrite(,重写,),read(,读,)+er(,者,)reader(,读者,),表示,语法意义,，确定词性,(word feature),；,如,emotion,中的,-tion,确定该词为名词,enlarge,中的,en-,确定该词为动词,表示,语法意义,，确定词形,(word form),，即词在各种语法意义上的变体。,如复数词尾 ，,-es,，分词词尾,-d,，,-ing,等。,Play playsplayed playing,词缀：,前缀,(prefix),：如,re-peat,、,co-operate,、,dis-like,、,fore-see,、,mis-fortune,、,sub-way,等；,后缀,(suffix),：位于词根之后，常给予词根以新的意义。如,writ-er,、,wonder-ful,、,care-less,、,love-ly,等；,词缀：,（据其所处位置分类）,缀合元音字母（,combining vowel,）,：当词根与词根、词根与后缀结合时，往往要,加入一个元音,，成为缀合元音字母，或组合元音。缀合元音字母以,“,o”,、“,i”,最为常见。,几乎在所有,希腊语词根,后加,-o-,；,拉丁语词素后,面可以加,o,或,i;,当,结合型与另一个以元音字母开头的词根或后缀 结合时,，结合型中的元音字母常省略；,并列关系的词素之间,；,o,或,i,为词素所不可缺少的部分时，可以保留。,Gastr,o,-,p,exy,gastr,o,p,exy,Men,o,-,p,ause,men,o,p,ause,saved,Gastr,o,-,i,tis,Gastr,i,tis,Men,o,-,a,lgia,Men,a,lgia,deleted,（三）学习构词法的用途：,1.医学新词汇的构建,合成构词法,Tamiflu,tame,（驯服,)+i(,元音,)+flu(,流感,),缩写构词法,AIDS,A,cquired,I,mmune,D,eficiency,S,yndrome,LPS,(lipopolysaccharide,，脂多糖,),l,ipo-(,脂肪，脂质,)+,p,oly(,聚，多,)+,s,accharide(,糖,),缀后构词法,Transsexual(,变性的,),Trans-(,反转,)+sexual(,性的,),Masto-,-pexy,乳房固定术,Gastro-,胃固定术,Colpohystero-,阴道子宫固定术,Hepato-,肝固定术,Cysto,膀胱固定术,Oophoro-,卵巢固定术,2,.理解词义，记忆单词,五、医学术语的读音规则,常规读音规则：,与公共英语大致相同，主要适用于,Anglo,Saxon,源,的亚医学术语；,特殊发音规则：,主要适用于,希腊与拉丁源,医学术语。,两大读音规则,c,在,a,，,o,，,u,前发音,k,：,cardiac,；,在,e,，,i,，,y,前，发音,s:,placenta,g,在,a,，,o,，,u,前发音, :,gastral,；,在,e,，,i,，,y,前，发音,d,：,emergency,，,在普通词如,gel,发,d,，,get,发,，,x,在词首发音,z,：,xanthine zni:n,黄嘌呤；其他发音,ks: axilla ksil,腋窝,（一）辅音的读音,医学术语中辅音的发音基本与英语单词辅音的发音一样。只有极少数字母及字母组合的发音有些特殊。,1.,单独字母的读音,ch t,：,choketuk,k:chronic krnik,ph fl,：,phobia fbi:,rh r,：,rhinal rainl,鼻腔的,sch sk: schizont skiznt,（孢子虫的）裂殖体, sk: schizoid skizid adj.,精神分裂症的,n.,精神分裂症患者,2.,辅音组合发音,ch,ph,和,rh,是常见的辅音组合，它们常常以一个整体出现在一个词中，它们的发音也与单独的辅音发音关系不大。,mn,，,cn,，,pn,，,ps,，,pt,，,gn,等，在词首时，前一个辅音不发音，在词中时两个辅音都发音。,mn n:mnemonics nmnks,记忆术,mn:amnesia mni:,遗忘症,cn n:cnemialni:mil,胫的,kn:gastrocnemius ,strkni:mis,腓肠肌,3.,双辅音中的不发音字母,pn n:,pn,eumonia nju:munj,肺炎,pn:a,pn,eapni:,呼吸暂停,ps s:,ps,ychologysaikldi,心理学,ps:ca,ps,ulekpsju:l,囊,pt t:,pt,osis ptusis,下垂；,pt:hemo,pt,ysis himptisis,咳血,gn n:gnathitis naitis,颌炎；,n:pregnancyprennsi,怀孕,其他不发音的双辅音：,rh,：,h,不发音，它只是送气音的拼写特征，,rhinal rainl,鼻的。,有些医学术语的发音完全符合英语中元音的基本读音。,与公共英语不同，医学术语中元音字母发音一般不受重读音节与非重读音节的影响,.,绝大多数发字母本音，少数发强短元音。,(,二,),元音的读音,重读音节 单词中读音特别响亮的音节。,在双音节词和多音节词中，必有一个音节读得较其他音节重而强，这个音节称为重读音节。,因为主重读位置不同而词的意义和词类也不同。,（三）重音的定位,1 .,单音节词本身即重读，省略重读符号。如,book buk,，,school sku:l,。,2,重读音节很少在最后一个音节上，所以双音节词的重读音节绝大多数在首音节上，如：,phosphate fs,fet,（磷酸盐）。,3,多音节词 多音节词通常在倒数第三个音节上重读。在多音节单词中有时还要使用次重读符号 “,”,。,monotonous,单调的，,parameter prmit,:/nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/,MedlinePlus is the National Institutes of Healths Web site for patients and their families and friends. Produced by the National Library of Medicine, it brings you information about diseases, conditions, and wellness issues in language you can understand. MedlinePlus offers reliable, up-to-date health information, anytime, anywhere, for free.,Interactive tutorials,Medical dictionary,Medical encyclopedia,（一）人体主要器官前缀,heart cardia- cardial/ cardium,carditis,cardiology,brain encepholo- encephalitis,encephalopathy/encephaloma,lung pulmo-, pulmono- pulmonary/pulmonitis,pulmonectomy,pulmonology,liver hepato- hepatic/hepatitis,hepatobiliary,hepatology/ hepatectomy,chest thorac(o)- thoracentesis/thoracolumbar/ thoracectomy,stomach gastr- gastral/gastralgia/gastritis/,六、医学英语常用前缀,kidney nephr- nephric/nephralgia/ nephrectomy/nephritis/ nephropathy,bone osteo- osteoblast/ osteochondroma/osteoporosis,skin derm- dermal/ dermahemia/dermatology,nerve neur- neural/neuralgia/neuropathy/ neurectomy,cell cyt- cytology/ cytologist/cytologic,nose rhino- rhinal/rhinitis/rhinopolypus,throat laryng(o)- laryngal/laryngeal/laryngalgia/laryngitis/laryngospasm,blood hemo-,hemato- hemathorax /hematology,hemoglobin,hematoma,vessel vaso- vasoactive/vasopressor,cardiovasology,cerebrovascular,vein veno- venography,intravenous,venoconstriction,artery arteri- arterial/arteriology,arteriole,arteriosclerosis,muscle myo- myalgia,myositis,myocarditis,Spleen spleno-,splen,ectomy,spleno,megaly,Spinal cord myelo- myelo-encephalic myeloencephalitis poliomyelitis,Gallbladder cholecysto- cholecystitis,Intestine intestino- intestinal intestinotoxin gastrointestinal,Duodenum duodeno- duodenoctomy duodenostomy duodenotomy,Jejunum jejuno- jejunum jejunitis,ileum ileo- ileitis ileostomy,Colon colo-, colono- Colonoscopy,Anus ano- anal,1,haplo-,mono,单,(1)haplo-,单纯的、单独的,Haplodermatitis,，,haploid ,haplo-pathy (2)mono-monocyte,，,mononuclear,，,mononeuritis,，,monoacid,，,monoarticular,，,monogenous,，,monophase,（二）与数字有关的前缀,2. bi,di,dipl,twi,du,： 二，双，两，偶,bilateral,dichromatic,diplobacillus , twin ,dual,3. tri :,三，丙,triangle, triacylglycerol, tricarboxylic acid cycle,4. quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra,：四,quadrilateral, quadrivalent, tetracycline,5. pent,penta,五,pentose, pentagon,6. hex,hexa,六,hexose,hexamer,7. hepta,sept(i),七,heptose , heptoglobin,8. oct,八,octpus,章鱼,octagon, octase,辛糖,9. nona,九,nonapeptide,10. deca,deka,十,decade, decagram,注：十位数的表示一般为：个位数前缀,+deca,，如,hexadecanol(,十六烷醇,),、,tetradecapeptide gasUin(,十四肽胃泌素,),、,octadecanoicacid(,十八烷酸,),11. hecto,百,hectometer, hectoliter, hectowatt,12. kilo,千,kilodalton (KD) ,kilobase,13. deci,十分之一，分,decimeter , decigram,14. centi,百分之一,centimeter,15. milli,千分之一，毫,millimole , milliliter,16. micro,百万分之一，微，微小，微量,microgram, microogranism, microecologymicropipet,17. nano,十亿分之一，毫微，纳,nanosecond, nanometer,1,haplo-,mono,2,multi-,pleo-,pluri-,poly-,多,(1)multi-,多，多数,multiple,，,multicapsular,，,multicellular,，,multicenrtic,，,multiform,，,multivalence,，,multiterminal,，,multinodular,(2)pleo-,常指过多，增，多,pleochromocytoma,，,pleocytosis,，,pleolysis,(3) poly-,多，多数,polycystic,，,polycystoma,，,polyclinic,，,polydeficiency polydontia,（三）表示程度的前缀,3,Demi-.hemi, semi-,半,（,1,）,demi- demifacet,（,2,）,hemi-,常指半侧，偏侧,hemiplegia,，,hemiprotein,，,hemipylorectomy,，,hemispasm,，,hemisphere,，,hemisyndrome,(3)semi-semiantigen,，,semicircular,，,semicoma, semiconscious,，,semiplegia,，,semitransparent,4. holo-,，,pan-,完全,（,1,）,holo-,全部，完全,holoantigen,，,holocephalic,，,holodiastolic,，,holosystolic, holopathy,，,holoplexia,（,2,）,pan-,完全,panagglutination,，,panarthritis,，,panarteritis,，,panesthesia,，,pancarditis,，,pancytopenia,，,pancytosis,5. topo-,局部,toponarcosis,，,topoalgia, topology,6,giga-,giganto-,mega-megalo-,macro-,大，巨大,（,1,）,giga-,giganto- gigantic,，,gigantism,，,gigantocyte,（,2,）,mega-,megalo-megabacterium,，,megabladder,，,megacardia,，,megacephalia,，,megacoccus,，,megacolon,（,3,）,macro-,除巨大外，还指长,macrocephalous,，,macrococcus,，,macrocyst,，,macrocyte macrobiosis,7. hyper-,over-,ultra-.,过多，超过,（,1,）,hyper-,过多，超过，过高，重，过度等,hypertension,，,hyperthyroidism,，,hypertrophy,，,hyperchloride,，,hyperchondroplasia,，,hyperlethal,，,hypernormal,，,hyperpelvic,（,2,）,over-,过度,overaction,，,overactive,，,overcorrection,，,overgrowth,，,overhydration,，,overexertion,，,overlapping,，,overresponse,（,3,）,ultra-,超过,ultracentrifugal,，,ultrafilter,，,ultrasonic,，,ultraviolet,，,ultrasound,8,hypo-,micro-,oligo-,sub-,少，小，不足,(1)hypo-,低，少，减退，不足，次，过少，不全,hypoacidity,，,hypoactivity,，,hypobilirubinemia hypocalcification,，,hypocalcia,，,hypoglycemia,，,hypoderm,，,hypolarynx,(2)micro-,小，细，微,microscope,，,microscopy,，,microsecond,，,microsection,，,microslide,，,microsoma,，,microspherocyte,(3)oligo-,少，缺少,oligocardia,，,oligoocholia,，,oligopnea,，,oligosideremia,，,oligospermia,，,oliguria,(4)sub-,不全，不足，次，亚，下,subacetate,次醋酸盐（次用于化学名称），,subacute,，,subtotal,，,subconciousness,，,subgroup Sub-,还表示位置在下面,Subabdominal,，,subarachnoid,蛛网膜下腔的，,1. chrom-,颜色,chromosome, chromatography,2. melan-,melano-,黑,melanoma, melanin,3. xantho-,flavo-,黄,xanthophyl,叶黄素,xathine,黄嘌呤,xanthoma,4. erythro-,红,erythrocyte, erythromycin,erythropoietin(EPO),5. chloro-,chlor-,绿，氯,chlorophyl,叶绿素,chloride, chloramphenicol,氯霉素,6. cyan-,cyano-,蓝，青紫色，氰,cyanosis , cyanide,氰化物,7. aur-,金色,aureomycin, Staphylococcus aureus,8. leu-,leuco-,leuk-,leuko-,无色，白色,leucine,亮氨酸,leukaemia=leucosis leukopenia,（三）与颜色有关的前缀,1,、,a-,an-,无，非。无可以进一步理解为离开，除去，脱去等,abacteria,，,anemia,，,asymmetric,，,anesthesia,，,apnea,2,、,ab-,去，离开，除,abnormal,，,abarticular,，,abduct,，,abneura,l,3,、,ant-,anti-,对抗，取消，抑制，解除,antagonistic,，,antioxin,，,antibody,，,antigen,，,antacid , antibiotic,4,、,De-,向下，减少，降低，除去，否定，离开，解除，脱去等,deactivation,，,deallergize,，,decrease,，,dehydration,5,、,Dis-,否定，分开，相反等,disability,，,disacidity,，,disassociation,，,discharge,，,discission,，,discomfort ,disconnect,（四）表示否定的前缀,6,、,in-,im-,il-,ir-,非，无，不,inactive,，,inablity,，,inaccurate,，,insoluble Impossible , imbalance,，,immature,，,impotency ill-health, ill-nourished,irregular, irrespirable , irrhythmia,7,、,Non-,非，无，不,non-absorbent,，,nonacid,，,nonallerglic,，,nondevelopment, noninfective,，,nonhemolytic ,nonspecific,8,、,Un-,不，非，无,unavoidable , unconsciousness,，,uncomfortable undifferentiation,1 endo-,内，在内,endocrine,，,endoscopy,2 ec-, ect-, exo-, extra-,外，外面，表面,exocrine, extracardiac,3 intra-,在内，向内,intracellular, intravenous,4 centri-,centro-,medi-,mid-,中心，中央，中间,centrifuge, centrosome,5 epi-,peri-,上，外，旁,epidermal , perianal,（五）表示方位的词缀,dys- =,不良、恶、困难,Dysfunction , dyspepsia Dysgenesis/dysplasia- defective development of an anatomic structure. Dysmenorrhea- painful menstruation. Dyspepsia- fancy word for indigestion, “upset stomach”.Dysphagia- difficulty or pain with swallowing. Dyspnea- difficulty, pain with breathing. Dysrhythmia- abnormal heart rhythm (sequence of beats). Dysuria- painful urination.,hetero-,异,heteropolar , heterosexual,homo- of the same,Homosexual ,homotype,-algia pain and suffering gastralgia,-ase enzyme transaminase dehydrogenase -carcinoma malignant tumours,-sarcoma one of the two main forms of cancer. It affects tissues such as muscle and bone. -centesis surgical puncture to remove fluid thoracocentesis, laparocentesis, arthrocentesis,-crine endocrine exocrine-cyte cell -cele hernia hepatocele -dynia pain gastrodynia, pain in the stomach, stomachache,七、医学英语常用后缀,-ectasis dilation, expansion bronchiectasis -emia a condition of the blood anemia leukemia -emesis vomiting hyperemesis -gen forming, producing, origin carcinogen, substances causing cancer -genesis forming, producing, origin osteogenesis, forming of bone,-gram record electrocardiogram electroencephalogram,-graph instrument or machine to record electroencephalograph (EEG), an instrument that records electric activity of brain -graphy process of recording cardiography echocardiography,-ism state, condition, or property alcoholism -ist -itis inflammation gastritis, inflammation of stomach pulmonitis, inflammation of lung -iasis abnormal condition cholelithiasis, stone in the gallbladder -lith stone, calculus cholelilth, stone in the gallbladder,-lithiasis,-logist -logy -lysis -meter -metry,-malacia abnormal softening arteriomalacia, the abnormal softening of the walls of an artery or arteries -megaly large, enlargement cardiomegaly, an enlargement of the heart,-necrosis death of tissue arterionecrosis, the necrosis (tissue death) of an artery or abnormal condition -oid resembling lipoid, like fat -oma tumor adenoma, tumor of gland,-osis disease or abnormal condition gastrosis, any disease of the stomach,-para to bear (offspring) multipara, woman having borne more than one child -paresis partial paralysis hemiparesis, partially paralysis -pathy disease neuropathy, nervous system disorders -penia decrease leucopenia, decrease in the number of white blood cells,-pexy =,固定,-phagia eating, swallowing dysphagia, difficult eating -phasia speech aphasia,失语,-philia attraction for hemophilia,血友病,-phobia fear claustrophobia,幽闭恐怖症,hydrophobia,-phrenia -plasm -plasty,-plasia formation, growth hyperplasia,增生,-plegia paralysis hemiplegia,-pnea breath orthopnea, form of dyspnea in which the person can breathe comfortably only when standing or sitting erect; associated with asthma and emphysema and angina pectoris; dyspnea, difficult or labored respiration; apnea, transient cessation of respiration,-poiesis formation, production hemopoiesis, -ptosis prolapse, downward displacement hysteroptosis,-rrhage, -rrhagia bursting forth menorrhagia, excessive menses -rrhea discharge, flow diarrhea, lose bowels -rhexis rupture angiorrhexis,-sclerosis abnormal hardening arteriosclerosis, the abnormal hardening of the walls an artery or arteries; cirrhosis -spasm involuntary contraction blepharospasm (eyelid) -stasis staying still hemostasis -stenosis abnormal tightening or narrowing arteiostenosis, the abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries,Surgical Procedures: Suffixes -ectomy cutting out, removal appendectomy (surgical removal of the appendix)-ostomy a new permanent opening (to outside of body) or (reunited inner structure) colostomy -otomy cutting into, incision colostomy (the surgical creation of a new opening between the colon and the surface of the body); phlebotomy,放血，静脉切开术,-orrhaphy surgical repair, fixation or suturing (a type of repair) nephrorrhaphy (the operation of suturing the kidney),肾缝合术,- o/plasty plastic surgery (surgical reforming or molding to improve function; to relieve pain; for cosmetic reasons) -tome instrument to cut osteotome,（骨凿）,-scope instrument for looking into arthroscope, instrument for looking into joint ; cystoscope, instrument for looking into bladder; otoscope, instrument for looking into ear -scopy procedure using a scope colonoscopy, an examination of colon; cystoscopy, an examination of bladder; otoscopy, an examination of ear,-meter an instrument used to measure pelvimeter, an instrument used to measure the diameter and capacity of the pelvic -metry the process of measuring pelvimetry, the process of measuring the dimension of the pelvic,THANK YOU,