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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,四、水准测量的校核方法,(,一,),测站校核,两台仪器法,变动仪高法,采用双面尺,两次测得的高差之差,必须小于,5 mm,(3).,支水准路线,BM,1,2,1,BM,2,3,4,(1).,闭合水准路线,(2).,附合水准路线,BM1,BM2,1,2,3,已知点,BM1,已知点,BM1,已知点,BM1,已知点,BM2,已知点,BM1,某一待定水准点,A,（二）水准路线成果校核,(1).,闭合水准路线,1,BM,2,3,4,理论上：,h,理,=0,h,测,0,存在误差,闭合水准路线的高差闭合差：,f,h,=h,测,高差闭合差,f,h,：,f,h,=h,测,-,h,理,(2).,附合水准路线,理论上：,h,理,= H,终,- H,始,h,测,h,理,存在误差,附合水准路线的高差闭合差：,f,h,=h,测,-,h,理,=h,测,-,(H,终,- H,始,),BM1,BM2,1,2,3,= H,2,- H,1,(3).,支水准路线,理论上：,h,往,+,h,返,=0,h,往,+,h,返,0,存在误差,支水准路线高差闭合差：,f,h,=h,往,+h,返,BM,1,2,支水准路线必须沿同一路线进行往测和返测,往测,返测,水准测量的成果计算,一、附合水准路线的计算,下图是一附合水准路线等外水准测量示意图，,A,、,B,为已知高程的水准点，,H,A,136.742m,，,H,B,137.329m,，,1,、,2,、,3,为待定高程的水准点。,h,1,+3.742m,h,2,-2.184m,h,3,+4.776m,h,4,-5.773m,n,1,14,L,1,1.2km,n,2,9,L,2,0.8km,n,3,18,L,3,1.5km,n,4,12,L,4,1.0km,BM.,A,1,2,3,BM.,B,水准测量的等级及主要技术要求,分类：一、二、三、四等水准测量和等外水准测量,在工程上常用的水准测量有：,三、四等水准测量,等外水准测量,如果：,f,h,f,h,容,测量成果符合要求；,f,h,f,h,容,测量成果不符合要求，查明原因，重测,一、附合水准路线的计算,下图是一附合水准路线等外水准测量示意图，,A,、,B,为已知高程的水准点，,H,A,136.742m,，,H,B,137.329m,，,1,、,2,、,3,为待定高程的水准点。,h,1,+3.742m,h,2,-2.184m,h,3,+4.776m,h,4,-5.773m,n,1,14,L,1,1.2km,n,2,9,L,2,0.8km,n,3,18,L,3,1.5km,n,4,12,L,4,1.0km,BM.,A,1,2,3,BM.,B,n=53,L =4.5km,n,/L,1215,填写观测数据和已知数据,点号,测站数,实测高差,/m,改正数,/mm,改正后高差,/m,高程,/m,备注,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,BM.,A,14,+3.742,136.742(,已知,),1,9,-2.184,2,18,+4.776,3,12,-5.773,BM.,B,137.329(,已知,),辅助计算,1,计算高差闭合差,点号,测站数,实测高差,/m,改正数,/mm,改正后高差,/m,高程,/m,备注,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,BM.,A,14,+3.742,136.742,1,9,-2.184,2,18,+4.776,3,12,-5.773,BM.,B,137.329(,已知,),辅助计算,高差闭合差的计算：,1,附合水准路线：,已知点,BM.A,另一已知点,BM.B,2,闭合水准路线：,已知点,BM.A,已知点,BM.A,3,支水准路线：,已知点,BM.A,未知点,B,1,计算高差闭合差,点号,测站数,实测高差,/m,改正数,/mm,改正后高差,/m,高程,/m,备注,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,BM.,A,14,+3.742,136.742,1,9,-2.184,2,18,+4.776,3,12,-5.773,BM.,B,137.329(,已知,),辅助计算,53,+0.561,f,h,=h,测,-h,理,=,n=53,0.561-(137.329-136.742)=,0.561-0.587=-26mm,2.,高差闭合差容许值计算,点号,测站数,实测高差,/m,改正数,/mm,改正后高差,/m,高程,/m,备注,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,BM.,A,14,+3.742,136.742,1,9,-2.184,2,18,+4.776,3,12,-5.773,BM.,B,137.329(,已知,),53,+0.561,辅助计算,f,h,=h,测,-h,理,=0.561-(137.329-136.742)=0.561-0.587=-26mm,，,n=53,，,，,f,h,f,h,容,3,调整高差闭合差,原则和方法：,按与测站数或测段长度,成正比例,的原则，将高差闭合差,反号分配,到各相应测段的高差上，得改正后高差。即,式中,v,i,第,i,测段的高差改正数（,mm,）；,n,、,L,水准路线总测站数与总长度；,n,i,、,L,i,第,i,测段的测站数与测段长度。,计算各测段高差改正数计算,点号,测站数,实测高差,/m,改正数,/mm,改正后高差,/m,高程,/m,备注,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,BM.,A,14,+3.742,136.742,1,9,-2.184,2,18,+4.776,3,12,-5.773,BM.,B,137.329(,已知,),53,+0.561,辅助计算,f,h,=h,测,-h,理,=0.561-(137.329-136.742)=0.561-0.587=-26mm,，,n=53,， ，,f,h,f,h,容,-,f,h,/,n=26/53=0.5mm,，,用,Vi =-,f,h,=26mm,检核,+7,+4,+9,+6,+26,4,计算各测段改正后高差,各测段改正后高差等于各测段观测高差加上相应的改正数，即,式中,第,i,段的改正后高差（,m,）。,计算检核：,点号,测站数,实测高差,/m,改正数,/mm,改正后高差,/m,高程,/m,备注,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,BM.,A,14,+3.742,+7,136.742,1,9,-2.184,+4,2,18,+4.776,+9,3,12,-5.773,+6,BM.,B,137.329(,已知,),53,+0.561,+26,辅助计算,f,h,=h,测,-h,理,=0.561-(137.329-136.742)=0.561-0.587=-26mm,，,n=53,， ，,f,h,f,h,容,-,f,h,/,n=26/53=0.5mm,+3.749,-2.180,+4.785,-5.767,+0.587,5,计算待定点高程,根据已知水准点,A,的高程和各测段改正后高差，即可依次推算出各待定点的高程，即,计算检核：,最后推算出的,B,点高程应与已知的,B,点高程相等，以此作为计算检核。,h,1,+3.742m,h,2,-2.184m,h,3,+4.776m,h,4,-5.773m,n,1,14,L,1,1.2km,n,2,9,L,2,0.8km,n,3,18,L,3,1.5km,n,4,12,L,4,1.0km,BM.,A,1,2,3,BM.,B,将推算出各待定点的高程填入计算表内,点号,测站数,实测高差,/m,改正数,/mm,改正后高差,/m,高程,/m,备注,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,BM.,A,14,+3.742,+7,+3.749,136.742,1,140.491,9,-2.184,+4,-2.180,2,138.311,18,+4.776,+9,+4.785,3,143.096,12,-5.773,+6,-5.767,BM.,B,137.329(,已知,),53,+0.561,+26,+0.587,辅助计算,f,h,=h,测,-h,理,=0.561-(137.329-136.742)=0.561-0.587=-26mm,，,n=53,， ，,f,h,f,h,容,-,f,h,/,n=26/53=0.5mm,二、闭合水准路线成果计算,闭合水准路线成果计算的步骤与附合水准路线相同。,h,往,2.532m,h,返,2.520m,BM,A,1,三、支水准路线的计算,例,A,为已知高程的水准点，其高程,H,A,为,45.276m,，,1,点为待定高程的水准点，,h,往,和,h,返,为往返测量的观测高差。往、返测的测站数共,16,站，计算,1,点的高程。,1,计算高差闭合,2,计算高差容许闭合差,测站数：,n=16/2=8(,站,),因,|,f,h,|,|,f,h,容,|,，故精确度符合要求。,3,计算改正后高差,取往测和返测的高差绝对值的平均值作为,A,和,1,两点间的高差，其符号和往测高差符号相同，即,4,计算待定点高程,步骤：,填写观测数据,（一）计算高差闭合差：,f,h,（二）计算高差闭合差限差,（容许误差）,f,h,容,（三）高差闭合差的调整,1,高差改正数的计算,（符合和闭合水准路线）：,n,i,测段测站数,检核计算的正确性,2,计算改正后的高差,符合和闭合水准路线：,支水准路线：,（四）各点高程的计算,实习二 普通水准测量,闭合水准路线测量,实验内容：,闭水准路线测量，,每组每人观测,1,个测站,实验步骤：,从指定水准点,BM.A,（,H,A,=5.300m,）出发按普通水准测量的要求施测一条测站数为,3,的闭合水准路线，然后计算高差闭合差并分配，要求,每人独立完成,。若高差闭合差超限，则应返工重测。,
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