某公司项目管理及领导能力

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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,主讲:,刘毛华,Trainer:Mike Liu,项目管理,Project Management,时 间 安 排 与 后 勤Time Arrangement,开始结束时间 9:00-17:00,Start/End: 9:00-17:00,休息时间 : 10:30-10:45,Tea Break: 15:00-15:15,午餐(Lunch):12:00-13:30,点心、茶水请到休息室,自用,Tea & Coffee: Please help yourself,注意事项:上课时务请,关闭,手机,BP,机,Attention: Please,Turn Off,your MP & BP,谢谢合作!,Thanks!,授课的,风格,在教会学员如何使用,管理工具,的同时,重点 灌输一种新的管理,理念平台,,使其能 在自已的平台上,自由使用,各种工具!,Training,style,Focus on the latest management rational,knowledge platform,while teaching how to use the,management,tools, this is in order to let the participants use the tools,freely,from their platform.,项目管理的PPT,项目的定义The Definition of a Project,组织单位,Organization Unit,固定预算,Fix Budget,固定时间,Fix Time,按一定的技术标准,Quality Assurance,资源的利用,Resource Utilization,交付结果,Delivery Result,项目特点Specifications of a Project,a) 具体的,起始,时间( The exact starting time),b) 具体的,终止,日期( The exact finishing date),c) 严格定义的最终,目标,(The exact definition of the final goal),d) 只发生,一次,(Only one time),e) 包含有,时间,(T),,质量,(Q)和,成本,(C)的详细计划(Including Time, Quality and Cost),f) 有具体的,结果,(The exact Result),g) 随时都具有的,风险性,(Full of the Risk),示例Case Discussion,为中学生设计一种新型的寻呼机,计划于1995年12月推向市场。,Design a new BP for the middle school student, It is planned to be into the market in December, 1995.,示例Case Discussion,使用计算机编写备忘录,Using the computer to edit the RAM,重要提示:项目必须满足其,所有特征,Importance: All the project specifications MUST be,100%,satisfied,判断哪些活动属于,项目,Which one is,project,Y,N,Y,Y,N,N,计划出国做商务旅行,Plan a business trip to another country,打电话,Make a telephone call,组装一台新型计算机,Assemble a new model computer,盖新楼,Erect a building,面试应聘者,Interview applicants,制作家具,Produce furniture,兴建水库,Establish a reservoir,Y,N,Y,Y,Y,N,Y,修理汽车,Repair a car,设计一门新课程,Design a new curriculum,组织对计划进行讲评,Organize a program review,与成功企业进行比较并学其优势,Benchmark successful enterprises,使用杀虫剂,Apply pesticide,开发新软件,Develop a new software,判断哪些活动属于,项目,Which one is,project,什么是“管理”(What is called “Management”),能够按实际情况自行设计从“,目标,”的选定,到“,资源,”的利用,通过采用不同的“,计划,”和“,监控,”的各种工具,达到满意“,结果,”的整个系统叫“,管理,”。操作这个系统的人叫“,经理人,”。,A person, or a group, or a team who is able to set up the confirmation of the“Goal” to the utilization of the “Resource” through the different tools of the “Plan” & “Supervision” in order to achieve the final satisfied “Result”.,交付结果,Deliver,the Result,最终目的,Final Goal,什么是“项目管理”(What is called “Project Management”),即,That is,项目定义,Project Definition,管理方法,Management Method,项目管理的平台,Platform of PM,对TQC的管理,Management of TQC,项目管理在PMI中的解释是:,The PM Explanation in PMI,将各种,知识,、,技能,、,工具,和,技术,应用于项,目之中,以达到项目的要求。项目管理是,通过:,Project management is the application of knowledge,skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet,project requirements.,Project management is accomplished through the use,of the processes such as:,来完成的。,启动,Initiating,计划,Planning,实施,Executing,控制,Controlling,收尾,Closing,超大型项目的管理,Super Large Project Management,宏观 近期微观 宏观 下期微观,工作包,Work,Package,时间Time,Rolling Waving Approach(RWA),项目管理的三角关系,The trial Angle Relationship,Time,Cost,Quality,Scope in PMI,项目经理Project Manager,技术质量,Technical Quality,领导者/决策者,Leader/,Decision Maker,计划者/分析家,Planner/,Analyst,组织者/协调者,Organizer/,Coordinator,管理者/评估人,Manager/,Appraiser,项目管理的三大“层面”Three “layers”in PM,1. 投资人(Investors),_,项目管理人(,Project Managers),_,职能执行人(,Operation Managers),_,你在哪里?,Where are you?,通用管理技能(Key General Management Skills),(1),领导能力,(Leading),区别“领导”与“管理”,Deference between the “Leader” & “Manager”,“,领导,”确定方向,动员人员(统一意,志),调动与鼓舞。,“,Leader,”-Establishing direction, Aligning people, Motivating and Inspiring.,“,管理,”注重结果,只为投资人负责。,“,Manager,”-Focus on result, only responsible,for Stakeholder.,通用管理技能(Key General Management Skills),(2),交流沟通,(Communicating),原则:(Basic Requirement),a)信息,发出者,要负责保证信息,清晰明确,、,毫不含混,、,内容完整,,使接收者,正确无误,地接收到信息。,The,sender,is responsible for making the information,clear,unambiguous, and,complete, so that the receiver can receive it,correctly, and for confirming that it is properly understood.,b)信息,接收者,要负责保证所收到的信息,完整无缺,,,理解正确,。,The,receiver,is responsible for making sure that the information,is received in its,entirety,and,understood correctly,.,Sender,Receiver,Medium,(channel),Medium,(channel),Feedback,反馈,Information,信息,沟通渠道等于:,Communication Channel Equals:,N:为参与该项目管理的人数,Personal Numbers in the PM,N(N-1),2,沟通渠道,Communication Channel,通用管理技能(Key General Management Skills),(3),谈判能力,(Negotiating),在项目管理中,以下5个方面是,经常性,、,反复性,谈判的对象:,During the course of a typical project, project staff is likely,to negotiate for any or all of the following:,范围、成本和进度目标,Scope, cost, and schedule objectives.,范围、成本和进度变更,Changes to scope, cost, or schedule.,c.,合同条款和条件,Contract terms and conditions.,d.,任务分工,Assignments.,e.,资源,Resources.,通用管理技能(Key General Management Skills),(4),解决问题的能力,(Problem Solving),问题的定义(Problem Definition):,内在,Internal,表面,Surface,内部,Inside,外部,Outside,技术,Technical,管理,Management,人际,Interpersonal,相应对策,(Decision Making):,分析,Analyzing,定义,Indentify,确定,Confirm,方法,Method,经验,Experience,通用管理技能(Key General Management Skills),(5),对组织产生影响,(Influencing the,Organization),“把事情办成”的能力(“Get things Done”),对所有的利害关系人(Stakeholders)要,了,解,、,掌握,、,透彻,。,To,Understand,Support,Clarify,all the,stakeholders.,项目中的三驾,马车,:,Three,Horses,in Project,职能部门经理,Manager in Dept.,项目成员,Project Members,项目负责人,Project Manager,项目管理的基本平台Basic Platform of PM,管理“,系统,”( Manage “System”),你用什么“系统”(What “System” you use?),管理“,人,”( Manage “People”),你准备怎么用“人”(What kind of “People”are you gonging to use?),项目经理的目标The Goal of Project Manager,-TQC,-团队的全面,领导,Team Leader,-对团队成员的,培训,Training the Team,-对项目的组织结构的,掌控,Manage the Project Team Structure,职能经理的目标The Goal of Operation Manager,-对项目执行人员进行分专业的,部署,Breakdown the specified job to the specified Operational Team,-对工人进行必要的专业,培训,Specified Training is needed for the Workers,项目生命周期,识别,需求,提出,方案,执行项目,结束,项目,投入力量,时间,项目管理重要性的原因 Reasons of the Importance in PM,-,历史原因,: (Historical Reason),对传统组织结构的挑战 (Challenge the traditional managerial structure),多变性和高风险性(Easy Changeable & High Risk),-,事业发展原因,:(Career Developmental Reasons),项目管理技能大于专业经理, 厂长的技能(Skill of PM is much more than the skill from Special Manager & Factory Director,完美的沟通能力(Perfect Communication Ability),理论加实践的完美体现(Theory+Practice),-,学术原因,:(Academic Reasons),是管理学科中的一个最重要的基本要素(It is the basic element in the science of management),累积成功的经验,以传后人(Share the Successful Experience),累积失败的教训,以敝后人(Realize the Failure),项目的市场化定义Definition of PM Marketing,-由已完成的市场来生成项目,New Project Comes from the Existing Market,-由项目本身延伸成另一项目,New Project Comes from its Original One,*-特殊需要,*Special Requirement,最终产出 结果明确,Final Result Result Clearance,最终目标和阶段目标Final Goal & Stage Objective,n,P,:,最终目标(Final Goal),=P,p,i,:,阶段目标,(,Stage Objective),p,i,=1,P,:,最终的产出和交付(Goals are General Statements of Out comes),p,i,:,各阶段的具体工作(Objectives are Specific Statements of Actions),最终目标特征-SMARTSpecifications of FG,明确性(Specific),可度量性 (Measurable),可完成性 (Achievable),相关性 (Relevant),可跟踪性 (Track able),最终目标说明Statement for FG,-专业语言(Specific Terms),-简明扼要 (Simple with Importance),-符合实际 (Conform to Reality),管理要领 1Keys of Management No.1,事有“本末”, “,轻重,”, “,缓急,”。 关门是“,本,”,加高笼子是“,末,“。舍本而逐末, 当然就不得要领了。,管理是什么?管理是抓事情的“,本末,”,“,轻重,”,“,缓急,”。,There are “,Important & Not important,”, “,Urgent & Not urgent,” in every Management which is Focus on,“,Beginning & Ending,”, “,Important & Not important,”,“,Urgent & Not urgent,” .,管理要领 2Keys of Management No.2,事后,控制不如,事中,控制,,事中,控制不如,事前,控制。,可惜大多数的经营者和管理者都忽略这一点,等到错误和失控造成重大的损失才寻求弥补之时,有时虽然是亡羊补牢,但已是为时已晚。,Control after the Happening is,worse,than Controlling in the Middle.,Control in the Middle is still,worse,than Controlling before Happening.,管理要领 3 Keys of Management No.3,管理者工作时最好用,简单的语言,和,易懂的言词,来传达信息,特别要掌握说话的,对象,和,时机,。有时过分的修饰反而达不到自己的目的。,Managers should use the most Specific, Simple & Understandable Language to Pass the Information to the persons under your Management.,Any over Modification will make Misunderstanding from the persons under your Management.,阶段目标特征Specification of Stage Objective,5,W,+2,H,W,hen-,W,here-,W,hy-,W,hat-,W,ho,H,ow to do?,H,ow much?,最终和阶段目标的评估标准Appraisal Standard of FG & SO,-归属性(Belonging),-量化 (Numeric),-商业价值化 (Commercial Value),-社会影响化 (Socialization),-重点化 (Importance),项目计划Project Plan,P,f,P,i,WBS T/wbs C/wbs,P,f:,最终目标(FG),P,i:,阶段目标(SO),WBS,:,工作分解结构(Work Breakdown Structure),T/wbs,: 单项工作包所需时间,C/wbs,:单项工作包所需成本,鱼刺图(Mind Mapping),中心主题,Central Word,关键词,Key Word,1,关键词,Key Word,2,关键词,Key Word,3,关键词,Key Word,4,关键词,Key Word,5,审查与评估,质量技,术标准,财务审查,专家评定,零备件,周转,数量,招聘,HR评定,小组,面试,手册,存放,归类,设施,数量,品名,规格,库存管理,财务,反馈,MRP,GSM售后服,务处的建立,品名,分类,位置,设备,调试,数量,新机器,培训,教室,小组负责人,考核,WBS的定义,工作分解结构是以,交付成果,为导向的项目各组成,部分的一种分解结构。它对项目的总范围进行组,织分解和定义。,未列入,工作分解结构图中的工作,不属于,项目范围内的工作。,A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a,deliverable-oriented,grouping of project,components that organizes and defines the total,scope of the project; work,not in,the WBS is,outside,the scope of the project.,WBS表(工作分解表),工作包,Work Package,工作周期,Timing,所需资源Resource,质量标准,Quality Standard,责任人,Responsible,Person,WBS 1,WBS 2,WBS 3,WBS 4,样机参展,生产样机,运输样机,布置展台,资料归类,展机结束,人员安排,1.1 设计,1.2 生产,1.3 调试,2.2安全指令,2.1,联络运输公司,3.1,设计,3.3效果,3.2,装修,4.1,分送,归类,4.2,布置,5.1,展台值班名单,5.3访客接待,5.2,专题会议,6.1运输公司,6.2安全,图表式的WBS,写一本间谍小说,背景材料,的搜集,故事大纲,故事写作,出版商,图书馆,采访,初步,构思,精练,构思,第一章,。,出版商,的了解,样稿,送审,美国,-,苏联,关系,其他间谍,故事,刊登有当,前事件的期,刊,华盛顿和莫,斯科地图,访问情报,机构,访问军事,部门,访问民事,机构,联邦,调查局和州,部门有关,采访当地,警察,WBS的一些经验数据,(1)一般不超过,5,层,如超过即,外包,。,(2)以80小时为界线,或80小时/周为界线。,(3)也可用,交付,(Deliverable)、,产品零件,(Component)、,阶段,(Phase)、,地区,(Area)、,主要任务,(Major Task)、,功能,(Function)来划分。,(4)不可分割部分称为工作包(Work package),确定WBS是否已分解到足够详细的一层,是否需要改善,WBS,元素的成本估算和时间进度估算的精确度?,WBS,要素的负责人是否超过一人?,WBS,的要素是否包含了多个交付成果或实施过程?,是否需要分别定义工作过程的成本或,WBS,内的交付成果?,是否需要更精确地了解,WBS,内的工作过程的时间进度?,不同,WBS,的要素内的交付成果是否相互依赖?,WBS,内过程中的工作实施是否有明显的时间间隔?,某一要素对资源的需求一段时间内会变化吗?,衡量,WBS,某一元素进度的明确的目标标准存在吗?,这些验收标准在,WBS,的要素全部完成前还适用吗?,WBS,中的一些要素是否存在一些风险需要特别的注意?,WBS,要素中的某一部分是否可作为单独的单元来做时间进度计划?,项目经理,项目团队,以及其他利害关系者包括客户对,WBS,的要素有清晰和完全的理解吗?,是否有利害关系者有兴趣,WBS,某一要素的现状和业绩?,估算各项工作(阶段目标)运作周期Estimation of Time on Every WBS,-已完成的,类似,项目(Already Completed Similar Project),-历史,数据,(可从其他项目中),Data from other Projects in History,-专家,意见,(Suggestions from Experts &Specialists),估算各项工作(阶段目标)运作周期Estimation of Time on Every WBS,1.标杆类比法(Benchmark),2.专家判断(Delphi Technique),是一种专家咨询方式。它是通过匿名或背对背的,咨询方式达到意见一致,经常用于项目某些要素,的估算,如:风险等。,A process where a consensus view is reached by,consultation (often not face-to-face) with experts.,Often used as an estimating.,项目因素的评分表,使用,Delphi,法对各因素的优劣进行打分评价,分值范,1-10,1,表示最差情况,,10,表示最好情况。,根据各种因系的相对重要性,采用,Delphi,法确定权数,本方法的权数范围,1-3,,即,3,表示最重要,,1,表示最不重要。,将打分值乘以权数,即为各因素的评份值。显然评份范围在,1-30,。,将因素组内的诸因素相加,可得因素组评分值,各因素组评分值之和便是相应因素的评分值。,评价满意解的标准如下:,1.因素打分值不小于3;,2.因素组评分值的实际/最大比不小于50%;,3.要素评分值的实际/最大比不小于50%;,4.总评分值的实际/最大比不小于60%。,同时满足上述四个条件的风险处理方案是最满意的。,项目要素的评分表,质量标准 Quality Standard,行业,标准(国内级别,国际级别),Standard in Same Industry (National Class & International Class),特殊,标准(特需项目),Special Standard (Special Required Project),同类,产品标准(技术含量),Standard in Same Products( Technical Qualification),用户,指定,Customer Specified,PDCA循环 (改善提升),P-PLAN D-DO,A-ACTION C-CHECK,PDCA 循环,P: 计划,D: 实施,C: 确认,A: 措施,戴明(Deming)质量控制理论,朱兰(Juran)质量三重理论,质量计划:,识别谁是客户,确定客户需求,以我们的语言来定义客户的需求,开发能满足客户需求的产品,使产品的特征最优化以满足我们和客户的需求,质量改进:,制定能进行产品生产的程序,使程序最优化,质量控制:,证明程序能在现有的生产环境下以最少的检验生产出产品,将程序用于生产营运,科劳斯比(Crosbys)的质量管理的四条原则,质量的定义是与需求一致,而不是“善意的举动”或“典雅的外表”。,预防系统保证质量,而不是评估(检验)。,业绩的标准必须是零差错,而不是“这很接近了”的态度。,衡量质量是“不一致的代价”,而不是“指数”。,七项传统质量控制工具,流程图 Flowcharts;,散点图 Work-flow/Scatter diagrams;,帕累托图 Pareto charts;,因果图 Cause and effect diagrams;,直方图 Histogram;,控制图 Control charts;,检查表 Check sheets;,项目质量特性Project Quality Characteristics,可生产性(技术能力),Productivity (Technology required),可使用性(使用的方便程度),Usability (Effort expended to use),可靠性(MTBF-产品故障之间平均时间周期),Reliability (Mean-Time-Between-Failure: MTBF),可维护性(MTTR-维修之间的平均时间周期),Maintainability (Mean-Time-To-Repair: MTTR),可获得性(产品性能概率),Availability (Probability of performance),可操作性(预期的、有条件的使用),Operability (Expected conditional use),灵活性(预期的可变用途),Flexibility (Expected variable use),社会接受度(环境和安全),Social Acceptability (Environment and safety),可承受能力(由于质量原因对产品的退回),Affordability (Return for quality required),资源Resource,人 (People),设施 (Facility),设备 (Equipment),流动资金 (Cash Flow),原材料 (Raw Material),信息( Information),成本估算精确范围Cost Estimation Accuracy,量级方法:,-25%-+75%,Estimation:,预算:,-10%-+25%,Budgeting:,最后预算:,-5%-+10%,Final Budgeting:,挣值,法概念,挣值,是基于以下三个基本概念:,PV,,(计划值),或计划内工作的估算成本,(BCWS);,B,udget,C,ost of,W,ork,S,chedule.,EV,(挣值),或已完成工作的估算成本,(BCWP),B,udget,C,ost of,W,ork,P,erformed.,AC,(实际成本),或已完成的工作的实际成本支出(ACWP),A,ctual,C,ost of,W,ork,P,erformed.,EV,解释,迄今为止,项目A按计划应已完成计划值,$10,000的工作量,但是,实际完成的工作,量只有85%( $8,500值的工作量)。,$8,500值的工作量便是该任务的挣值(,EV,)。,其它挣值概念,BAC,(完成时的预算):项目总成本预算,ETC,(至完成时的成本预算):基于项目目前已发生的成本支出,为完成剩余项目还需多少成本支出?,EAC,(完成时的估算):基于项目目前已发生的成本支出,项目实际成本总支出是多少?,项目成本管理中的几个重要公式,CV(成本偏差)=EV-AC,CV案例:迄今为止已完成 $8,500值的工作量(,EV,),但是其实际成本支出是$9,000(,AC,)。所以,实际支出比原先估算多支出了$500(,CV,)!,SV(进度偏差)=EV-PV,SV案例:迄今为止,应该完成A任务$10,000成本估算值的工作量,但是实际完成了$8,500值的工作量(,EV,)。因此,落后于进度$1,500值的工作量(,SV,),CV%(成本偏差百分比)=CV/EV,SV%(进度偏差百分比)=SV/PV,50/50法则,是为了解决主观估算工作完成量的问题,某项任务只要开始,便为此计入PV值的50%为其EV,待该任务结束后,便为此计入PV值的另50%EV,重要假设:这些任务的假设条件一致,50/50法则有三种类型:,0/100,:这是基于一项任务只有全部完成后才有价值的假设。它是较保守的法则。,20/80,:这是较小心的法则,但没有0/100来得保守。,50/50,:较通用表示项目进展程度的法则,进度计划Processing Plan,进度计划(TQC)虽然有其,严密性,和,科学性,,但必须符合项目所处,环境,的需要。,Although Processing Plan has the tight & scientific characteristic, it should meet all the requirements of Project Environment.,一个符合实际的计划是不断修改出来的,不是“编”出来的。,The Practical Plan is based on amending, is not from “Edition” .,应急计划(风险概念),Emergency Plan (Risk Definitions),风险,(Risk),风险是指在特定的,客观情况,下,在特定,期间,里,某一事件的,预期结果,与,实际结果,之间的,变动程度,。,Risk is meant one event, its Changeable Degree between the foreseen result and existing result under the special condition and a special period.,变动程度越大,风险越大;反之,则风险越小。,The bigger , the Changeable Degree, the higher, the Risk will be. Opposition, the lower, the Risk is.,风险的认识Know the Risk,风险是,客观,存在的,不因为人们意识到与否而改变。,Risk is exiting, it will not be changed, or disappeared because of the mentality.,风险的大小是可以,衡量,的,根据概率论可以判断风险的大小。,Risk can be measurable, which also can be judged according to Probability.,风险能,发生变化,,当客观环境,发生变化,时,风险的大小也可能,发生变化,。,Risk can be changeable , when the Exiting Environment is changing, the Risk Type & Degree will be probably changed.,项目风险Risk in PM,项目风险是指项目在,执行期间,所发生的风险。,Project Risk is appointed as all the Risks during the Project Operation Period.,项目的,一次性,特性,使其不确定性的风险率比其它管理要,大得多,,因而,项目风险的可预测性比其它管理系统要,差得多,。,One time Characteristic in Project, the rate of the Non-foreseen Risk is much more than the other Management System. So the foreseen Characteristic in Project Risk is much poorer than the other Management System.,风险因素The Factors of Risk,-,物质风险因素,(Factor of Matter Risk),一切可以看见的,有害项目正常进行和操作的风险。,All Foreseeable Risks to Attack the Project under the Normal Operation.,-,人为风险因素,(Factor of Man-Made Risk),a. 道德风险,:从损失发生中获益,往往具有“一念之差”的闪忽点。,Risk of Moral: Get the Benefits from the Lost, Probably a Sudden Flashing with “a momentary slip”.,b. 行为风险,:不认真负责的工作态度。,Risk of Action: Poor Responsible Working Style.,不同的项目生命周期,有不同的风险因素。,Different PLC, Different Risk Factors.,项目风险特征Specifications of Project Risk,(1)客观性(Objective),因为项目是由人组成的团队,在一定的客观条件下进行,所以风险在一开始就产生了。这是因为,物质因素,和,人为因素,都构成潜在的风险因素,。,Risk is along with the beginning of Project because the Project is Composed of a Team of People under the Objective Condition. This is because Material & Man-Made Factors make the Potential Risky Factors.,(2) 普遍性Widespread,随着科技的,发展,,社会的,进步,,风险是越来越,增加,,这是因为老的风险,依然存在,,而新技术所带来的新风险在,逐步增加,。,The more the Development of Science & Technology, the more the Risk will be. This is because Original Risks are still existing, and New Risks are getting more with the Development of the new Technology.,技术越,先进,事故损失越,大,The more Advanced Technology, the more Accident will be.,技术结构越,复杂,总体越“,脆弱,”,The more Complicated Technical Structure, the more “Weak” of the Total Management.,收益越,高,风险潜势越,深,The Higher the Income, the deeper the Potential Risk.,(3) 偶然性Contingency,无法准确预测风险,何时发生,,以及发生后的后果。,Unable to Foresee when & what Result the Risk will Happen & will be.,不确定性,Unforeseen,0 概率Probability,(4) 必然性Necessity,概率论看风险的,趋势,Probability-Check the Risk Tendency,数理统计看,量,(概率)和,质,(损失幅度)为项目风险管理提供,依据,。,Mathematical StatisticsCheck Quantity (Probability) & Type (Lost Amount) in order to Provide the Basis for the Project Risk Management.,(5) 可变性Changeable,变化,Changes,变化,客观条件,Objective,Condition,空间,Space,时间范围,Time Scope,风险的性质,Risk,Characteristics,风险的量,Risk,Quantity,新风险的产生,New Risk,风险管理Risk Management,风险,识别,Risk,Distinguish,风险,估测,Risk,Estimation,风险,评价,Risk,Evaluation,应对,措施,Proper,Precaution,风险,识别,的工具与技术Tools & Techniques for Risk Identification,文件审查,:项目班子一开始所采取的步骤,通常是从项目整体到范围细节的层次上,对以往项目档案及其它资料中的项目计划与假设,进行系统的审查。,Documentation reviews,: Performing a structured review of project plans and assumptions, both at the total project and detailed scope levels, prior project files, and other information is generally the initial step taken by project teams.,风险,识别,的工具与技术Tools & Techniques for Risk Identification,2. 信息收集技术Information-gathering Techniques,集思广益会Brainstorming,特尔斐技术Delphi Techniques,面谈Interviewing,优势、弱点、机会与威胁分析,Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis.,风险,识别,的工具与技术Tools & Techniques for Risk Identification,3.,核对表,风险识别所用的核对表可根据历史资料、以往项目类型,所积累的知识、以及其它信息来源着手制订。使用核对,表的优点之一是风险识别过程迅速简便。其缺点之一是,所制订核对表不可包罗万象,而使用者所考虑的范围却,被有效地限制在核对表所列范畴之内。,Checklists:,Checklists for risk identification can be developed based on historical,information and knowledge that has been accumulated from,previous similar projects and from other sources of information. One,advantage of using a checklist is that risk identification is quick and,simple. One disadvantage is that it is impossible to build an,exhaustive checklist of risks, and the user may be effectively limited,to the categories in the list.,风险,识别,的工具与技术Tools & Techniques for Risk Identification,4.,假设分析,每个项目都是根据一套假定、设想、或者假设进,行构思与制订的。假设分析是检验假设有效性,(即假设是否站得住脚)的一种技术。,Assumptions analysis:,Every project is conceived and developed based,on a set of hypotheses, scenarios, or assumptions.,Assumptions analysis is a technique that explores,the assumptions validity.,风险,识别,的工具与技术Tools & Techniques for Risk Identification,5.,图解技术 Diagramming techniques,:,因果图(鱼刺图)Cause-and-effect diagrams (fishbone),系统或过程流程图System or process flow charts,影响图Influence diagrams,风险,定性,分析的工具与技术Tools & Techniques for Qualitative Risk Analysis,风险,概率,与,影响,风险概率,指风险发生的可能性。,风险后果,指风险一旦发生对项目目标产生,的影响。,Risk probability,is the likelihood that a risk,will occur.,Risk consequences,is the effect on project,objectives if the risk event occurs.,风险,定性,分析的工具与技术Tools & Techniques for Qualitative Risk Analysis,2.,概率/影响,风险级别评定矩阵,风险的,概率,标度(0-1),风险的,影响,标度(0.01-1),Probability/impact,risk rating matrix.,The risks,probability,scale (0-1),The risks,impac,t scale(0.01-1),风险,定性,分析的工具与技术Tools & Techniques for Qualitative Risk Analysis,3. 项目假设测试(风险假设后的稳定性,假设不成立时造成的后果)。,Project assumptions testing. (Assumption stability and the consequences on the project if the assumption is false.),风险,定性,分析的工具与技术Tools & Techniques for Qualitative Risk Analysis,4. 数据精确度级别评定(理解程度,现有数据,数据质量,可靠性与健全性)。,Da
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