心理学专业英语基础

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,ENGLISH FOR PSYCHOLOGY,CONTENTS,CHAPTER ONE,WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY,CHAPTER TWO,RESEARCH METHODS,CHAPTER THREE,CONGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY,CHAPTER FOUR,DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY,CHAPTER FIVE,SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY,CHAPTER SIX,ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY,(,变态心理学）,CHAPTER SEVEN,SKILLS OF READING,CHAPTER EIGHT,SKILLS OF WRITING,Abstract Writing,Writing in Social Sciences,Writing in Natural Sciences,READINGS,心理学专业英语基础,心理学,教育学专业英语,改变心理学的,40,项研究（中文版，英文版）,RESOURCES,英语字典（牛津，朗文）,现代英汉,-,汉英心理学词汇,Chapter 1,What is psychology ?,What is psychology ?,1.DEFINITIONS:,The word “Psychology” is derived from,two Greek roots:“Psyche,（,精神）,”,meaning “mind” or “soul” and “Logos,（,理性）,meaning study of.,Psychology, therefore,literally means study of the mind.,However,a more recent definition by Atkinson,et,al(1991) suggests that psychology is:,The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes,What is psychology ?,DEFINITIONS,THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY,WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM,WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED,HOW,DID PSYCHOLOGY,DEVELOP,What is psychology ?,DEFINITIONS:,The word Psychology is,derived,from two Greek,roots,: Psyche, meaning ,mind, or ,soul, and Logos, meaning study of.,deriv,e:,派生,roots,:,词根,mind:,心灵；精神,soul:,灵魂；心灵；精神,心理学这个单词是由,psyche,和,logos,这两个希腊词派生出来的，psyche的意思是心灵或精神，logos的意思是对,研究。,Psychology,therefore,literally,means study of the mind.,therefore:,因此,literally :,根据字面意思,因此，从字面上来讲，心理的意思就是对于心灵,(,意识,),的研究。,However,a more recent definition by Atkinson,et,al(1991),suggests,that psychology is:,The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes,suggest:,认为，建议，提议,然而，,Atkinson,（1991）等人提出了一个较新的定义，,“,心理学是,对于,行为与,心理,过程,的科学研究,”,。,心理学是研究行为和心理过程的科学。,Just giving this simple definition, however, is a bit,misleading, since psychologists now and throughout,（自始至终）,their history have,not only,disagreed about the definition of psychology,but have also,strongly disagreed about what should be studied in the,subject,（主题）,and how it should be studied.,subject:,主题，科目,misleading,:,误导的，,令人误解的，引入歧途,然而，仅仅给出这样一个简单的定义，会有一点误导，因为无论是在历史上还是现在，心理学家不仅对于心理学的定义没有达成一致，而且对于在这个学科中应该研究什么以及应该如何研究也存在巨大的分歧。,What is psychology,？,2.,THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY,标题内容,WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM,?,Psychology developed from three main areas of study:,PHILOSOPHY,BIOLOGY,PHYSICS,Philosophy:,哲学,Biology:,生物学,Physics:,物理学,心理学的来源？,心理学是从三个主要的研究领域发展而来的：哲学、生物学、物理学。,Many of the problems which psychology has investigated were first most clearly outlined（概述） by Greek philosophers such as Socrates,Plato, and Aristotle in the 5th century BC.Two more rencent philosophical influences on the development of psychology as a science were:,1 Empiricism（经验主义） - which argued that humans should only measure data that is objectively observable, such as behaviour.,2 Positivism（实证主义） - which argued that the methods and principles of science should be applied to human behaviour.,PHILOSOPHY,PHILOSOPHY,Many of the problems which psychology has,investigated,were first most clearly,outlined,by Greek philosophers,such as,Socrates,Plato, and Aristotle in the 5th century BC.,investigate:,调查，研究，探讨,outline:,概述，提出的纲要,心理学研究的很多问题，是由希腊哲学家最先清晰提出（概要）的。比如说公元前5世纪的Socrates,Plato, and Aristotle等。,such as:,像，诸如，例如用于举例,PHILOSOPHY,Two more recent philosophical influences on the development of psychology as a science were:,1 Empiricism - which,argued,that humans should only measure data that is objectively observable, such as behaviour.,2 Positivism - which,argued,that the methods and principles of science should be applied to human behaviour.,当今对于心理学作为科学的发展，对于它的两个哲学性影响是：,1经验主义,认为人们只能去测量可以客观观测的数据，比如说行为。,2实证主义,认为科学的原理的方法应该被应用于人类行为的研究中。,argue:,认为，提出观点，辩论,TIPS,：,empiricism,:the belief in basing your ideas on practical experience.,positivism,：,a kind of PHILOSOPHY that is based only on real facts which can be scientifically proved, rather than on ideas.,Biology（生物学） has two important influences:,1 Evolution（进化论） - Darwins suggestion that humans have evolved from（由,进化）,other animals. The discoveries in genetics that followed from his evolutionary theroy have had many important implications for the study and understanding of bahaviour.,2 Physiology（生理学） - the discoveries, mostly by the medical profession, of the structure and function of the brain, nervous（神经）, and endocrine system（内分泌系统） have significantly contributed to the understanding of behaviour,.,BIOLOGY,1,Evolution,- Darwins,suggestion,that humans have evolved from other animals. The discoveries in genetics that followed from his evolutionary theroy have had many important,implications,for the study and understanding of bahaviour.,suggestion:,建议，意见，观点,进化论,Darwin认为人类是从别的动物进化而来的。基因理论（遗传学）是由其理论发展而来的，在基因领域的发现，对于研究和理解行为有重大的影响。,implication:,含义，影响，（可引申为意义）,Evolution:,进化论,BIOLOGY,2,Physiology,- the discoveries, mostly by the,medical profession, of the structure and function of the brain, nervous, and,endocrine system,have,significantly,contributed to the understanding of behaviour.,physiology:,生理学,medical profession:,医疗职业,生理学领域尤其是医疗行业，对脑，神经，内分泌系统的结构和功能的发现，对于理解行为有重大的贡献。,endocrine system:,内分泌系统,significantly:,重大地，客观地,BIOLOGY,A subject（学科） that because of its great success has been adopted as the ideal model by scientist in psychology, who have borrowed its scientific methods and principles.,Physicist（物理学家）, such as Fechner started applying their subject to huaman behaviour and experience(psychophysics) in the nineteenth century, with some success.,PHYSICS,A subject that because of its great success has been adopted as the ideal model by scientist in psychology, who have borrowed its scientific methods and principles.,由于这一学科的巨大成功，在心理学领域的许多科学家借鉴其科学方法和原则，将其作为理想模型。,PHYSICS,Physicist, such as Fechner started applying their subject to huaman behaviour and experience(,psychophysics心理物理学,) in the nineteenth century, with some success.,物理学家，比如说,Fechner,在,19,世纪开始将其研究领域开拓到人类行为与经验（领域），取得了一些成功。,Fechner,在,19,世纪开创了针对人类的行为与经验的学科,心理物理学，并取得了一些成功。,psychophysics:,心理物理学,PHYSICS,WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM,?,Psychology developed from three main areas of study:,PHILOSOPHY,BIOLOGY,PHYSICS,WHE,N,DID PSYCHOLOGY,STARTED,?,WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED,？,The date 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a separate scientific discipline,（科学学科）, since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig.,Wundt is, therefore, regarded as the “founding father” of psychology, although Americans tend to suggest that William James should have this honor since his 1890 book (which took 12 years to write) entitled Principle,（原则）,of Psychology was a major landmark in psychologys literature,（著作）,and he began teaching a course on the relationship between physiology,（生理学）,and psychology at Harvard University in 1875.,WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED,？,The date 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a separate scientific,discipline, since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in,Leipzig,.,discipline:,学科,Leipzig:,莱比锡,1879,年通常被认为是心理学作为一个独立的科学学科的开始时间，因为这时,Wundt,在,Leipzig,创建了第一个心理学实验室。,WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED,？,Wundt is, therefore, regarded as the “founding father” of psychology, although Americans tend to suggest that William James should have this honor since his 1890 book (which took 12 years to write) entitled Principle of Psychology was a major landmark in psychologys literature and he began teaching a course on the relationship between physiology and psychology at Harvard University in 1875.,因此，,Wundt,被认为是心理学之父，但美国人倾向于认为应该是,William James,拥有这个荣誉。因为他在,1890,年出版了，用,12,年写成的,心理学原理,，这本书在心理学著作史上是一个重大的标志性事件。此外，,James,在,1875,年就开始在,Harvard University,教授一门关于生理学与心理学的关系的课程。,WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED,？,Structuralism,Functionalism,Psychoanalysis,Behaviorism,Cognitive psychology,Humanistic approach,（方法）,Biological approach,心理学是如何发展的？,结构主义、功能主义（机能主义）、精神分析、行为主义、认知心理学、人本主义、生物学研究方法（生理心理学）,approach:,接近；方法；途径,HOW DID PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOP?,Structuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology, pioneered by Wundt himself, who thought that the object,（对象）,of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind, and that it should be studied by introspection,（内省）,(looking inwards at ones own mental experience) in order to break it down into its component parts (such as images, sensations and feelings) like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.,Structuralism,Structuralism,One structuralist, Titchener, claimed there were a total of 46,708 basic sensations that combined to form the structure of the human mind, but the approach,（方法）,was very limited in its ability to explain and was replaced by functionalism.,Structuralism,Structuralism-was the first approach,（趋向于）,to,investigating,psychology,pioneered,by Wundt himself, who thought that the,object,（对象）,of psychological investigation should be the,conscious,mind, and that it should be studied by,introspection,(looking inwards at ones own mental experience) in order to break it down into its component parts (such as,images,sensations,and,feelings,) like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.,investigate:,调查，研究,pioneered:,倡导；作先驱,conscious:,意识,introspection:,内省,images:,表象,sensation:,感觉,feelings:,情感,object:,对象，客体,Structuralism,Structuralism-was the first approach to,investigating,psychology,pioneered,by Wundt himself, who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the,conscious,mind, and that it should be studied by,introspection,(looking inwards at ones own mental experience) in order to break it down into its component parts (such as,images,sensations,and,feelings,) like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.,结构主义是第一个研究心理学的方法，是由冯特本人提出来的，他认为心理学的研究对象应该是意识，而且应该是用内省（向内探查自己的体验）的方法去研究，目的是将其分解为各个部分（比如说，表象，感觉，情感），就像化学家研究化学一样。,One structuralist, Titchener,claimed,there were a total of 46,708 basic sensations that combined to form the structure of the human mind, but the approach was very limited in its ability to explain and was replaced by functionalism.,结构主义者之一，,Tichener,声称共有,46078,种基本的感觉，联合起来构成了人类意识的结构，但是这种方法在解释方面存在很大的局限，因此被功能主义取代了。,claimed:,声称；宣称；断言,Structuralism,Functionalism-the approach William James advocated,（提倡）,. James was influenced by Darwins views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional, to survive and adapt, so we should investigate what behavior and thought are for. Many of Jamess insights,（见解）,remain valid today, but functionalism was superseded,（取代）,by the next two very powerful approaches,（研究、方法）,that both started around the turn of the century.,Functionalism,Functionalism,Functionalism-the approach William James,advocated,. James was influenced by Darwins views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional, to survive and adapt, so we should investigate,what,behavior and thought are,for,.,这种方法是由,William James,提出的。,James,受,Darwin,观点的影响，认为意识的工作方式是功能性的，也需要去生存与适应，因此，我们应该研究行为和思想的原因。,What for:,为什么；为何目的,advocated:,提倡，主张，拥护,Functionalism,Many of Jamess,insights,remain,valid,today, but functionalism was,superseded,by the next two very powerful approaches that both started around the turn of the century.,insight:,眼光，洞察力,valid:,有效的，有根据的；正当的,supersede:,取代，代替,James,的很多观点在今天看来仍然是有用的，但是功能主义却被始于世纪之交的两种更强大（有说服力）的方法取代了。,Psychoanalysis-was in fact a method of the therapy developed by Sigmund Freud in Austria, but in many major books, such as The interpretation of dreams(1900), Freud began describing in detail an underlying theory,（隐含的理论）,of the human mind and behavior that has had an enormous (and controversial,有争议的,) impact on psychology. Freud argued that the proper object of psychological investigation should be the unconscious mind, and that our behavior is determined by processes of which we are not aware.,Psychoanalysis,Psychoanalysis,Psychoanalysis-was in fact a method of the,therapy,developed by Sigmund Freud in Austria, but in many major books, such as The interpretation of dreams(1900), Freud began describing in detail an,underlying,theory of the human mind and behavior that has had an enormous (and controversial) impact on psychology.,精神分析理论,实际上是由奥地利,Sigmund Freud,发展出来的一种治疗方法，但是在他很多主要的书中，例如,梦的解析,（,1900,），,Freud,开始详细描述一个关于人类思想与行为的隐含的理论，对于心理学产生了重大的（并且是有争议的）影响。,Therapy,：,治疗，疗法,Underlying,：,隐含的，潜在的，基本的,Psychoanalysis,Freud argued that the,proper object,of psychological investigation should be the,unconscious mind, and that our behavior is determined by processes of which we are not aware.,Freud,认为心理学的研究对象应该是无意识，我们的行为是由我们没有意识到的心理过程所决定的。,unconscious mind,：,无意识，潜意识,Behaviorism-Behaviorists, such as John Waston, were extremely critical,（批评）,of all the approaches that concerned themselves with “mind”, and proposed that psychology should only investigate observable behavior if it want to be an objective science. This approach,（方法）,dominated experimental psychology until the 1950s, when a strong resurgence,（再现）,of interest in the “mind” developed in the form of cognitive and the humanistic approaches,（人本主义的方法）, which suggested that behaviorism ignored all the most important and interesting things that go on in our heads.,Behaviorism,Behaviorism,Behaviorism-Behaviorists, such as John Waston, were extremely critical of all the approaches that,concerned themselves with,“mind”, and proposed that psychology should only investigate observable behavior if it want to be an,objective,science.,concern oneself with,：研究的对象是,.,行为主义者，像,John Waston,，对所有以意识为研究对象的方法极为不满，并且认为心理学如果想成为一门客观的科学，就应该研究可以观测的行为。,objective,：客观的,Cognitive psychology-aims to investigate the mind by using computer information processing ideas to arrive at,testable,models of how the brain works, and then applying scientific methods to confirm,（证实）,these models. The cognitive approach has enjoyed much success and is a very dominant one in psychology today.,Testable,：,可验证的,Cognitive psychology,认知心理学，目的是用计算机信息处理方式的观点去研究意识，建立起可验证的关于脑是如何工作的模型，然后利用科学的方法去证实这些模型。认知的方法取得了很多成功，是在当今心理学中占主导地位的研究方法之一。,The Humanistic approach, however, has had less of an,impact,on psychology, since it has,deliberately,（故意地）,adopted a less scientific view,（不怎么科学的观点）,of the human mind by arguing that psychology should focus on each individuals conscious experience and aims in life.,（生活中意识经验和目标）,Humanistic approach,人本主义的研究方法，对于心理学的影响较小，主要是因为对于人类意识它故意采取了不怎么科学的观点，认为心理学应该关注于每个个体在生活中的的意识经验和目标。,The Biological approach has advanced,（发展了）,evolutionary, physiological,（生理学的）, and genetic explanations for human behavior throughout the history of psychology.,Biological approach,生物学的研究方法,在心理学的历史上，生理心理学则发展了关于人类行为的进化的、生理的和基因的观点。,Chapter 2,RESEARCH METHODS,Variables,WHAT DO PSYCHOLOGISTS INVESTIGATE?,VARIABLES,A variables is any object,（物体）, quality,（特性）,or event that changes or varies in some way. Examples include: aggression, intelligence, time, height, amount of alcohol, driving ability, attraction.,OPERATIONALISATION,Many of the variables that psychologists are interested in are abstract concepts, such as aggression or intelligence. Operationalisation,（操作化）,refers to the process of making variables,（变量）,physically measurable or testable,（在物理上可操作可测量）,. This is done in psychology by recording,some aspect of,observable behavior that is assumed to be indicate of the variable under consideration.,（所考虑变量的指标）,For example:,Aggression - a psychologist may record the number of punches thrown.,Intelligence a psychologist may record the number of puzzles solved in an hour, or calculate the score on an IQ test.,Reification,（具体化）,(regarding hypothetical variables like intelligence as having a real physical existence) is a danger, however.,Variables,OBSERVATION, CASE STUDIES,（案例研究）, SURVEYS, ETC.,In these methods variable are precisely measured in varying amounts of detail,（大量的事实）,.,CORRELATIONS,相关,Variables are measured and compared to see how they co-vary,（共变）,with each other (what relationship they have together).,EXPERIMENTS,Variables,WHAT DO PSYCHOLOGISTS INVESTIGATE?,VARIABLES,A variables is any object, quality or event that changes or varies in some way. Examples include: aggression, intelligence, time, height, amount of alcohol, driving ability, attraction.,变量是指以某种方式改变或变化的对象、质量或事件。,例子包括：攻击性，智力，时间，高度，酒精含量，驾驶能力，吸引力等。,Variables,OPERATIONALISATION,Many of the variables that psychologists are interested in are,abstract concepts, such as,aggression,or,intelligence,.,Operationalisation,refers to the process of making variables physically measurable or testable. This is done in psychology by recording some aspect of observable behavior that is assumed to be,indicate,指标,of the variable under consideration.,许多心理学家感兴趣的是一些抽象的概念，比如攻击性和智力。,操作化是指使变量变成物理上可测量或可验证的过程。,在心理学上，这一过程的实施是通过记录一些可观察的行为来完成的，这些行为被假定为是我们所考虑的研究变量的指标。,For example:,Aggression - a psychologist may record the number of punches thrown.,Intelligence a psychologist may record the number of puzzles solved in an hour, or calculate the score on an IQ test.,Reification,（具体化）,(regarding hypothetical variables like intelligence as having a real physical existence,（真实存在）,),is a danger, however.,Variables,比如说：攻击性,可记录为击拳的次数 。,智力,可记录为在一个小时内解决的问题数量或计算智力测验的得分。,然而，具体化（指将诸如智力之类假设性的变量看成真实的物质上的存在）是危险的。,Variables,OBSERVATION, CASE STUDIES, SURVEYS, ETC.,In these methods variable are,precisely,measured in varying amounts of detail.,CORRELATIONS,Variables are measured and compared to see how they co-vary with each other (what relationship they have together).,EXPERIMENTS,观察，个案研究，调查等等,这些方法能从大量事实中准确地测量出变量。,相关,将测量到的变量相比较，以发现彼此之间如何共同变化（它们之间有何关系）。,实验,One variable (the independent variable) is altered to see what effect it has on another variable (the dependent variable).,The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated,（操作）,in two or more conditions to see what effect it has on the dependent variable.,The dependent variable is the main measured outcome of the experiment, hopefully due to,（应归于）,the manipulation of the independent variable.,For example, the independent variable (IV) of alcohol could be manipulated to see what effect it had on the dependent variable (DV) of driving ability by testing in two conditions, one with no alcohol and the other with four pints,（品脱）,of lager,（拉格啤酒）,.,EXPERIMENTS,However, many extraneous variables (other variables that could potentially influence the dependent variable apart from the independent variable), could spoil the experiment and so controls are employed to prevent extraneous variables from becoming confounding variables (those that actually affect the dependent variable strongly enough to distort,（扭曲）,the effect of the independent variable).,EXPERIMENTS,One variable (the independent variable) is altered to see what effect it has on another variable (the dependent variable).,The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated in two or more conditions to see what effect it has on the dependent variable.,The dependent variable is the main measured outcome of the experiment, hopefully due to the manipulation of the independent variable.,EXPERIMENTS,改变一个变量（自变量），观察它对另一个变量（因变量）有什么影响。,自变量是指在两个或两个以上的条件下对其进行操控，以发现对因变量有什么影响的变量。,因变量是指实验当中主要测量的结果，期望（其变化）是由于对自变量的操控引起的。,For example, the independent variable (IV) of alcohol could be manipulated to see what effect it had on the dependent variable (DV) of driving ability by testing in two conditions, one with no alcohol and the other with four pints of lager.,However, many extraneous variables (other variables that could potentially influence the dependent variable apart from the independent variable), could spoil the experiment and so controls are employed to prevent extraneous variables from becoming confounding variables,（混杂变量）,(those that actually affect the dependent variable strongly enough to distort th