第三部分专题二非谓语动词

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,非谓语动词的句法功能,成分,形式,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,补语,不定式,v,.ing,形式,v,.ed,形式,1.,v,.ing,形式和不定式都可以作主语，,v.ing,形式作主语表,示一般的或抽象的习惯性的行为；不定式作主语往往表示具体的、一次性的或特指的动作,(,泛指玩火,),玩火是危险的。,(,指某一具体动作,),玩火将很危险。,_ _ _ is dangerous.,_ _ _ _ will be dangerous.,Playing with fire,To play with fire,2,v,.ing,形式和不定式作主语时，常用,it,作形式主语,覆水难收。,学好英语是不容易的。,It is no use _ over split milk.,It is not easy _ _ English well.,crying,to study,1,(2011,上海高考,)Its no use,without taking any,action.,A,complain,B,complaining,C,being complained D,to be complained,解析：,考查动名词作主语的用法。句意：不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。,its no use doing,sth,.“,做某事是没有用的,”,，为固定句式。,答案：,B,2,分词作表语,现在分词作表语表示主语,(,事、物,),所具有的特征，如：,delighting,，,astonishing,，,disappointing,，,exciting,，,frightening, satisfying, interesting, worrying,等；过去分词作表语表示主语,(,人,),所处的状态，如：,delighted, astonished, disappointed, excited, frightened, satisfied, interested, worried,等。,他的演讲很有趣，我对它感兴趣。,_,His lecture is interesting. Im interested in it.,2,(2011,上海高考,)Today we have chat rooms, text,messaging, emailing .but we seem,the art of communicating,facetoface,.,A,losing B,to be losing,C,to be lost D,having lost,解析：,句意：现在我们有聊天室，能传递文本信息，还可发,电子邮件,但是我们似乎正在失去面对面交流的技能。考查非谓语动词作表语。,seem,后通常用动词不定式，排除,A,和,D,两项；此处非谓语动词后有名词,the art of communicating,facetoface,作其宾语，所以排除,C,项,(,被动形式,),。,答案：,B,1.,下列动词只能用不定式作宾语,决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。,主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。,decide/determine,，,learn,，,want,，,expect/hope/wish,；,refuse,，,manage,，,care,，,pretend,；,offer,，,promise,，,choose,，,plan,；,agree,，,ask/beg, help,。,此外，,afford, strive, happen, wait,等也要用不定式作宾语。,当我经过时，她假装没看见我。,我们约好在此地见面，但是她到现在还没有露面。,She _ _ _ see me when I passed by.,We _ _ _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.,pretended not to,agreed to meet,2,下列动词只能用,v,.ing,形式作宾语,考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。,避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。,禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。,consider,，,suggest/advise,，,excuse/pardon,；,admit,，,delay/put off, fancy(,想象，设想,); avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; mind, allow/permit, escape,。,此外，,be used to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand(,无法忍受,), give up, feel like, insist on, apologize for, be,busy(in,), have difficulty/trouble (in), spend time (in),等动词词组也要用,v,.ing,形式作宾语。,He got _ for the job interview,，,for he couldnt _ _ the good opportunity.,他为这次的工作面试做好了准备，因为他不能冒险失去这么好,的机会。,well-prepared,risk losing,I remember turning off the lights in the classroom.,Please remember to turn off the lights when you leave,the classroom.,(2),动词,like, love, prefer,后接不定式或,v,.ing,形式作宾语均可。,如表示经常性的行为常用,v,.ing,形式，如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。但要注意：如果,like,，,love,，,prefer,前有,would/should,时，后面则应接动词不定式作宾语。,feel like,后接动名词作宾语。,我喜欢游泳，但今天下午不想游泳。,I like _, but I dont like _this afternoon.,swimming,to swim,我想喝杯咖啡。,我们都想庆祝一番。,I would like _ a cup of coffee.,We all feel like _.,to have,celebrating,Smoking is forbidden here but you are allowed _.,to smoke,3,(2011,四川高考,)Lydia doesnt feel like,abroad.Her,parents are old.,A,study B,studying,C,studied D,to study,解析：,考查非谓语动词。,feel like,sth,./ doing,sth,.“,想要某物， 想要做某事,”,。 句意：,Lydia,不想出国学习， 她的父母都上年纪了。,答案：,B,4,不定式作动词,tell, show, understand, explain, teach,learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out,等词的宾语时，前面常带引导词,how, what, whether, where, when, who,等,to do,，但,why,不带,to,的不定式,我不知道做些什么。,I dont know what _ _.,I dont know what _ _ _.,to do,I should do,1.,不定式作定语,不定式可用在名词、代词、序数词、,the only,和形容词最高级等后面作定语。不定式作定语常用来表示将来的动作，而,v,.ing,形式作定语表示正在进行的或主动的动作，过去分词作定语表示的则是完成的或被动的动作。,解放前他没有上学的机会。,今晚你有事吗？,He _ _ _ _ _ to school before liberation.,Have you got _ _ _ this evening,？,had no chance to go,anything to do,2,v,.ing,形式作定语,(1),v,.ing,形式作定语往往表示所修饰词的作用或用途。,游泳池,_ = _,候诊,/,车室,_ =_,a swimming pool,a pool for swimming,a waiting room,a room for waiting,(2),v,.ing,形式作定语时表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所,表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。,在窗口站着的那个人是我们的老师。,老师批评了打破窗户的那个学生。,The man _ _ the window is our teacher.,The teacher criticized the student _ _ _,the window.,standing by,who had broken,3,v,.ed,形式作定语,(1),单个的,v,.ed,形式作定语时多数前置。及物动词的,v,.ed,形式表示被动和完成意义，不及物动词的,v,.ed,形式仅表示完成意义。,失去的时间永远也找不回来。,满地都是落叶。,_ _ _ can never be found again.,The ground is covered with _ _.,The lost time,fallen leaves,有些单个的,v,.ed,形式既可作前置定语也可作后置定语，但多数情况下，这两种形式意义有区别。,我们收集了大量的旧书。,你应当把所有用得着的书放在手边，其他的按顺序放在书架上。,Weve collected a large quantity of _ _.,You should put all the books _ _ _ and the,others in order on the shelf.,used books,used at hand,(2),v,.ed,形式短语用作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之,后，其意义相当于一个定语从句，但比从句简洁，多用,于书面语中。,他们的朋友们举行的音乐会很成功。,(3),v,.ed,短语可用作非限制性定语，相当于非限制性定语从,句。,五千多人参加了欢迎这个伟大英雄的大会。,The concert _ _ _ _ was a great success.,The meeting, _=_ _ _ by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero.,given by their friends,which was attended,attended,4,不定式的一般被动式,(to be done),、过去分词,(done),和现,在分词的一般被动式,(being done),作定语的区别,不定式的一般被动式,(to be done),表被动、将来；过去分词,(done),表被动、完成；现在分词的一般被动式,(being done),表被动、正在进行。,明天在会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。,The question _ _ _ at tomorrows meeting,is a very important one.(,表被动、将来,),to be discussed,你读过狄更斯的小说吗？,听！现在正唱着的这首歌在学生中非常流行。,Have you read the novel _ _ Dickens,？,(,表被动、完成,),Listen,！,The song _ _ is very popular with the,students.(,表被动、正在进行,),written by,being sung,4,(2011,全国卷,)The island,to the,mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to.,A,joining B,to join,C,joined D,having joined,解析：,考查非谓语动词。因,join,与逻辑主语,the island,构成被动关系而使用过去分词，故选,C,。,答案：,C,1.,不定式作状语,不定式作状语可表示目的、原因、结果等。不定式作目的状语，往往是高考命题的重点。为了加以强调，有时可把不定式放在句首，或其前加,in order to,或,so as,。,为了在天黑前到达，我们很早就动身了。,_ _ _ arrive before dark, we started early.(,不定式表示目的,),In order to,我很高兴被邀请在这里讲话。,他年纪太小，不能参军。,Im pleased _ _ _to speak here.(,不定式表示原因,),He is _ _ _ join the army.(,不定式表示结果,),to be invited,too young to,不定式所表示的结果通常是未曾料到的、不太好的结果，而,v,.ing,表示的结果则强调自然发展的结果。试比较：,我从家里一路走到图书馆，不料它已经关门了。,世界各地的人们都踢足球，这使它成了最受欢迎的运动。,I walked all the way from my home to the library,_ it closed.,Football is played all over the world,，,_ it the,most popular sport.,only to find,making,2,分词作状语,(1),分词作状语的基本原则：,分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。,(2),分词作状语的句法功能：,分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词,while,或,when,引出。,过马路时小心点。,虽然已被告诉过很多次了，但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。,Be careful while/when _ the street.(,时间,),_ _ _ many times,，,he still repeated the,same mistake.(,让步,),crossing,Having been told,(3),独立成分作状语：,有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：,generally speaking,一般说来；,frankly speaking,坦白地说；,judging from/by .,根据,来判断,；,considering ./taking .into consideration,考虑,到,；,to tell you the truth,说实话；,seeing .,考虑到,；,supposing,即使；如果；,providing,如果；,saving,除了；除非；,assuming,假使；,admitting,虽说；即使；,given,如果；,provided that,如果；,compared to/with,与,相,比。,从他的口音判断，他来自南方。,说实话，我有点累了。,(4),独立主格结构：,非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和主句主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构,(Absolute Construction),。,_ _ his accent, he is from the south.,_ _ you the truth, I am a little tired.,Judging from,To tell,独立主格结构的特点是：,独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。,名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主谓关系。,独立主格结构一般由逗号与主句分开。,独立主格结构的构成是：,名词,(,代词,),现在分词,/,过去分词；,名词,(,代词,),形容词；,名词,(,代词,),副词；,名词,(,代词,),不定式；,名词,(,代词,),介词短语构成。,考试结束时，我们开始放假。,如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。,The test _ (,When the test _),we began our holiday.,Weather _ (,If weather_),we are going to visit you tomorrow.,finished,was finished,permitting,permits,5,(2011,全国卷,)Sarah pretended to be cheerful,nothing about the argument.,A,says B,said,C,to say D,saying,解析：,考查非谓语动词。,say,与其逻辑主语,Sarah,构成主谓关系，因此使用现在分词，作伴随状语，故选,D,项。,答案：,D,1.,分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别,(1),感官动词,see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to,notice,等和使役动词,have,后面的宾补有两种情况：,当宾语与宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的主动关系时，需用动词原形,(,即不带,to,的不定式,),及现在分词,doing,。不带,to,的不定式表完成，现在分词表正在进行；,当宾语与宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的被动关系时，需用过去分词及,being done(,现在分词一般被动式,),，过去分词表完成或没有一定的时间性，,being done,表正在进行。,刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。,昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。,I heard her _ an English song just now.,I heard her _ an English song when I passed by,her room yesterday.,sing,singing,昨天经过她房间时，我听见一个小女孩正在唱英文歌。,我打算理发。,I heard an English song _ _ by a little girl when,I passed by her room yesterday.,I want to have my hair _ .,being sung,cut,不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成或状态。,我低头看了一眼发现我的项链不见了。,发现我的家乡变化如此之大，我感到惊奇。,I looked down and found my necklace _ .,I was surprised to find my hometown _ so,much.,gone,changed,(2)have, get,后接宾补,have,sth.done,get,sth.done,使,/,让某事由别人去做,(,叫,/,让某人做某事,),我明天得,(,请人,),修一下我的自行车。,此外，,have,sth,. done,还表示,“,使遭受,”,之意。,汤姆踢足球时，伤了腿。,Ill _/_ my bike _ tomorrow.,Tom _ his leg _while playing football.,have get repaired,had broken,The captain _ the soldiers _ toward the front,line after a short rest.,got moving,I wont _ you _ to your dad like that.,Mother _ me _ to the shop and buy some salt.,have speaking,had go,2,注意下列结构中用不定式作主语补足语，它们是：,sb.be,said/believed/known/reported/considered/found,等不定式,据说，他出国了。,_,=_,He is said to have gone abroad.,It is said that he has gone abroad.,3,不定式、现在分词作宾补小窍门,下列动词后在主动语态中用不带,to,的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上,to,：它们是,“,吾看三室两厅一感觉,”,5,看,(look at,，,see,，,watch,，,notice,，,observe),；,3,使,(make,，,let,，,have),；,2,听,(listen to, hear),；,1,感觉,(feel),。,以上动词除,let, make,外都可以用现在分词作宾语,(,主语,),补足语，此外,find, catch, keep, leave,也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。,我不愿意看到你这么早就离开。,听见有人上楼了。,I hate _ you leave so soon.,Someone was heard _ up the stairs.,to see,to come,6,(2011,陕西高考,)Claire had her luggage,an,hour before her plane left.,A,check B,checking,C,to check D,checked,解析：,考查非谓语动词。句意：在飞机起飞前一个小时,Claire,对行李进行了安检。,check,与,luggage,之间是动宾关系，所以应用过去分词形式表示被动，构成,have,宾语过去分词结构，,表示,“,找人做,”,或,“,使,被,”,。,答案：,D,动词,ing,形式,时态,主动语态,被动语态,一般式,doing,being done,完成式,having done,having been done,动词不定式,时态,主动语态,被动语态,一般式,to do,to be done,进行式,to be doing,无,完成式,to have done,to have been done,完成进行式,to have been doing,无,(1),动词,need, require, want,作,“,需要,”,解时，其后必须用,v,.ing,形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，,表示事情需要被做。这时,v,.ing,形式的主动形式表示,被动意义。,be worth,后必须用,v,.ing,形式的主动形式,表示被动意义。此外，若动词,need,表,“,需要,”,，,require,表,“,要求,”,，,want,表,“,想要,”,这些意义时，其后需接名词,或代词作宾语，然后接不定式作宾语补足语。,to be cleaned,cleaning,visiting,to be visited,of being visited,of a visit,(2),不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关,系时，不定式往往用主动形式。,你有切西瓜的刀吗？,(3),不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾,关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。,Do you have,a knife _ _ the watermelon,？,_,to cut,A knife that/which _ the watermelon.,cuts,她有一个妹妹需要照顾。,(4),不定式作形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾,关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了,for sb.,。,这本书很难理解。,这种鱼很好吃。,She has a sister_.,This book is difficult _.,This kind of fish is nice _.,to look after,to understand,to eat,There is a lot of work _.,There is a lot of work _.,to do,to be done,(6),不定式,to let, to blame,等表示被动意义。,汽车出租。,这个男孩应为他的所作所为而受到责备。,(7)with,复合结构。,有许多问题要解决，她看起来有点着急。,The car is _.,The boy was _ for what he had done.,With a lot of problems _, she looks a little,anxious.,to let,to blame,to settle,7,(2011,天津高考,)Passengers are permitted,only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.,A,to carry B,carrying,C,to be carried D,being carried,解析：,考查非谓语动词。句意：乘客只允许携带一个手提行李包登机。本句用的结构是,sb.be,permitted to do,sth,.,，故选,A,项。,答案：,A,8,(2011,福建高考,)The difference in thickness and,weight from the earlier version makes the,iPad,2 more comfortable,.,A,held B,holding,C,be held D,to hold,解析：,考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：厚度和重量与先前版本的不同使得,iPad,2,拿着更舒服。,hold,与,the,iPad,2,之间是动宾关系，且有性质形容词,comfortable,，所以用动词不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。,答案：,D,1.,动词不定式的复合结构,主要用于,Its,adj,.,for/of,sb.to,do .,结构中,(1),用,of,sb.to,do,的形容词,kind, good, polite, nice, careless, foolish, wrong, stupid, silly, wise, clever, rude, selfish, naughty, right, honest, cruel, greedy, brave,等。,你这么说真是太好了。,Its very kind _ you to say so.,_.,of,You are kind to say so,(2),用,for,sb.to,do,的形容词,difficult,possible(impossible,), important, hard, necessary, convenient, easy,等。,对你来说学习一门外语是有必要的。,Its necessary _ you to learn a foreign language.,for,用介词,of,引出的逻辑主语既指行为的性质又指行为人的特点；用介词,for,引出的逻辑主语只指行为的性质。,2,v,.ing,形式的逻辑主语,当,v,.ing,形式作主语时，其逻辑主语通常用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；当,v,.ing,形式作宾语时，在正式语中，它的逻辑主语用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词，在非正式语中，用名词的普通格或人称代词宾格。,他的到来让我很高兴。,玛丽哭了，这惹得他生气了。,_ coming made me very happy.,=I am happy with _ / _ coming.,_ _ annoyed him.,=Mary cried, _ annoyed him.,His,his,him,Marys crying,which,9,(2011,北京高考,)Its important for the figures,regularly.,A,to be updated B,to have been updated,C,to update D,to have updated,解析：,考查非谓语动词。句中的时间状语,regularly,表示经常发生，因此排除,B,、,D,两项； 又因为,figures,是被更新的，故选,A,项。,答案：,A,不定式符号,to,的省略和保留,1,省略动词不定式符号,to,的情况,(1),动词不定式作,feel, hear, see, watch, notice,等感官动词,以及,have, let, make,等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时，不定式符号,to,要省略。但如果这类句子变为被动语态时，就必须带,to,。,我们经常听到他唱歌。,We often hear him _ the song.,He is often heard _ the song by us.,sing,to sing,(2),不定式作表语，用来解释主语或主语从句中,do,的确,切含义时，往往可以省略动词不定式符号,to,。,The first thing she did was _ her trainer and thank her for all her help during her training.,他真正希望做的是熬夜到很晚。,她所做的第一件事是走向她的教练，感谢她在训练中所,给予的帮助。,What he really hoped to do was _ late.,(to) walk up,(to) stay up,(3),在,but, except,后可接动词不定式，其规则是：前有实义,动词,do,的某种形式时，则,but, except,后跟不带,to,的不定式，有实义动词,do,的任何形式，则后可用带,to,的不定式。,他们别无选择只有等。,They had nothing to do but _ .,They had no choice but _.,wait,to wait,2,不定式符号,to,的保留问题,有时为了避免重复，可以用,to,来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列动词之后：,expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try,；或出现在,be glad/happy,，,would like/love,等的后面。,如果在省略的不定式结构中含有,be, have, have been,这些词要保留。,我没去过香港，但我希望去。,I didnt take part in her birthday party because I was too busy, but Id like to _.,I havent been to Hong Kong, but I _ .,由于我很忙，所以没有参加她的生日晚会，但是我希望,我能参加的。,wish,to,have,