2抽象与具体

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Abstract vs Concrete,Comparison and Translation,English tend to be abstract on account of nominalization.,1. as a mark of civilised man,The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory development.,2. as a way for obscurity,3. affixation and preposition,Chinese tends to be concrete.,In translation, we have to change,abstract items,in Eng. into,concrete ones,in Chin. so as to convey clearly the original meaning.,1. Abstract nouns-Verbs,I marveled at the relentless,determination,of the rain.,我对雨那冷酷无情的决心感到惊异,.,雨无情的,下个不停,我感到惊异,.,He has surfaced with less,visibility,in the policy decisions.,在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了,These problems defy easy classification.,这些问题挑衅简单的分类,这些问题难以归类,2.Specifying abstract words with category words(,行为，现象，属性等,),He was described as impressed by Dengs,flexibility,.,据说他对等的,灵活态度,印象深刻,He discussed,greatness and excellence.,他探讨了伟大和杰出的,涵义,What they wanted most was an end of,uncertainties,.,他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的,局面,The sight of his native place called back his,childhood,.,见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的,情景,3. Concrete words to explain abstract ones,To help myself live without fault, I made a list of what I considered the 13 virtues.,These virtues are 1 Temperance, 2 Self-control,3 Silence, 4 Order, 5 Firmness of mind, 6 Savings, 7 Industry, 8 Honesty, 9 Justice, 10 Cleanliness, 11 Calmness, 12 Morality, 13,Humbleness(Benjamin Franklin),为了使自己生活中不犯错误，特列出我认为应该,身体力行,的条守则这些守则是：,节制饮食自我克制沉默寡言有条不紊坚定信念勤俭节约工作勤奋忠诚正直办事公正衣履整洁平心静气品行高尚,谦虚恭顺,F,iguration(metaphors,proverbs and idioms),H,e was open now to charges of,wilful blindness,.,这时人们指责他,装聋作哑,I,talked to him with,brutal frankness,.,我对他说的话，虽然,逆耳,，却是,忠言,B,ut all the,rules of self-preservation,were broken.,但,明哲保身的金科玉律,统统被打破了,N,otes,1.,英译汉时，可化虚为实：可同行文，添文采，增加可读性,汉译英时，可化实为虚：可化症结，消梗，提高可译性,Y,ou are,in serious trouble,吃不了兜着走,Further Practice,H,e spoke with,firmness, but his face was very sad and his eyes at times were dim.,他讲话时，,态度坚定,，但面带愁容，时而眼神暗淡,T,o the Chinese , theirs was not,a,civilization, but,the civilization,.,中国人认为他们的文化不是,文化的一种,，而是,唯一的文化,D,isintegration,W,ith great eagerness,A,wait with great anxiety,L,ack of perseverance,M,ake a little contribution,