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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,正文,主编,1. Frame,2. Engines,3. Computer,4. Fuel,5. Electrical,6. Cooling,7. Exhaust,8. Drive,9. Suspension,1. Components,2. Four-Stroke,2.1Intake Stroke,2.2Compression Stroke,2.3Power Stroke,2.4Exhaust Stroke,3.1Oiling System,3.2Engine Cooling,3.3Valve trains,2.1Fuel Delivery System,2.2Air Induction System,2.3Sensor System,2.4Computer Control System,2.1Contact Point Ignition System,2.2Electronic Ignition System,2.3Distributorless Ignition System,2.1Manual Transmisson,2.2Automatic Transmisson,3.1Slip Joint,3.2Universal Joints,4.1The Final Drive,4.2Differential,1.1Context,1.2Public Transport Options,2.1Features of Light Rail,2.2Advantages of Light Rail,2.3The Emergence of Light Rail,3.1Some General Statistics,3.2Types of Accident,3.3Casualty Rates by Age and Sex,2.1Highway Functions,2.2Two-lane Highway,2.3Multilane Highway,2.4Constituent Elements of Highway,3.1Subcomponents of a Freeway,3.2Freeway Capacity,3.3The Perfect Freeway for Maximum Flow,3.4Freeway Performance Measures,4.1Volume,4.2Speed,4.3Density,Fig.1.1General location of the major vehicle systems,1. Frame,Fig.1.2Chassis of a car,2. Engines,3. Computer,4. Fuel,5. Electrical,6. Cooling,7. Exhaust,8. Drive,Fig.1.3Drive train components,9. Suspension,1. Components,Fig.2.1Engine components,2. Four-Stroke,Fig.2.2Piston stroke,2.1Intake Stroke,2.2Compression Stroke,2.3Power Stroke,2.4Exhaust Stroke,3. Engines,2.4Exhaust Stroke,Fig.2.3Four stroke cycle principle of operation,a) Intake strokeb) Compression strokec) Power stroked) Exhaust stroke,3. Engines,3.1Oiling System,3.2Engine Cooling,3.3Valve trains,(1)理解过程：理解原文，应从整体出发。,(2)表达过程：表达是用汉语把已经理解的原文的思想内容重新表达出来。,1. Gasoline,2. Electronic,3.3Valve trains,Fig.2.4Valve train system,(1)理解过程：理解原文，应从整体出发。,(2)表达过程：表达是用汉语把已经理解的原文的思想内容重新表达出来。,Fig.3.1Fuel injection system, schematic,1. Gasoline,Fig.3.2Gasoline injection system,2. Electronic,2.1Fuel Delivery System,Fig.3.3Configuration of an electronic fuel injector,2.2Air Induction System,Fig.3.4Configuration of an air induction system,2.3Sensor System,2.4Computer Control System,3. Diesel,1. Basic,2. Typical,2.4Computer Control System,Fig.3.5Sensors feed information to the control module,3. Diesel, The truck is capable of towing a trailer with a total weight of 4.5 tons on good roads.,3. Diesel,Fig.3.6Diesel injection system, The truck is capable of towing a trailer with a total weight of 4.5 tons on good roads.,1. Basic,Fig.4.1Basic ignition system configuration,1. Basic,Fig.4.2Two major sections of an ignition system,a)Primary circuitb)Secondary circuit,2. Typical,2.1Contact Point Ignition System,2.2Electronic Ignition System,Fig.4.3Simplified electronic ignition system,2.3Distributorless Ignition System, The airplane landed at the airport here at 10 oclock last night.,1. Clutch,2. Transmisson,2.3Distributorless Ignition System,Fig.4.4Distributorless ignition system, The airplane landed at the airport here at 10 oclock last night.,Fig.5.1Drive train,1. Clutch,Fig.5.2Action of clutch,1. Clutch,Fig.5.3Diaphram spring clutch,2. Transmisson,2.1Manual Transmisson,Fig.5.4Basic principle of manual transmisson,2.2Automatic Transmisson,3. The,3. The,Fig.5.5Propeller shaft of a truck,3.1Slip Joint,3.2Universal Joints,4. The,4. The,4.1The Final Drive,Fig.5.6Rear drive axle assembly,4.2Differential, A fuel is a material that will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.,1. Fundamental,2. Planetary,3. Clutch,4. Torque,5. Hydraulic,6. Oil,7. Valve,1. The,2. Front,4.2Differential,1. Drum,2. Disc,3. Anti-lock,1. Production,2. Legislation,1. Raw,2. Energy,3. Conclusions,1. The,2. Design,3. Production,4.2Differential,4. Suppliers,5. Packaging,6. Distribution,7. Price,8. Use,9. Disposal,1. Introduction,4.2Differential,Fig.5.7Action of a differential, A fuel is a material that will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.,1. Fundamental,Fig.6.1Basic parts of an automatic transmission,2. Planetary,Fig.6.2Simplified planetary gearsets,3. Clutch,4. Torque,Fig.6.3Major Parts of Torque converter,5. Hydraulic,6. Oil,7. Valve, They said that they would check up and repair these machines., They said that they would check up and repair these machines.,1. The,Fig.7.1Steering system,1. The,Fig.7.2An integral power steering system,2. Front, At that moment the sport car was running at full speed., They will be installing the machine when you get there tomorrow.,2. Front,Fig.7.3Caster,2. Front,Fig.7.5Steering axis inclination, At that moment the sport car was running at full speed., They will be installing the machine when you get there tomorrow.,1. Drum,Fig.8.1Drum brake,1. Drum,Fig.8.2The principal parts of the brake hydraulic system,2. Disc,Fig.8.3Disc brake,3. Anti-lock, Before the internal combustion engine was invented, the steam engine had been the source of mechanical power., When you come back next week, the experiment will have come to a new stage., Important research in that area had been going on in our university before 1998.,3. Anti-lock,Fig.8.4Parts of an anti-lock brake system (ABS), Before the internal combustion engine was invented, the steam engine had been the source of mechanical power., When you come back next week, the experiment will have come to a new stage.,表格, Important research in that area had been going on in our university before 1998.,1. Production,表格,2. Legislation, A trouble-free engine can be started with ease.,2. Legislation,Fig. 10.1Introduction of low-emission,vehicles (LEV) in California TLEV- transitional,low-emission vehicles ULEV-ultra-low-emission,vehicles ZEV-zero-emission vehicles, A trouble-free engine can be started with ease.,1. Raw,表格,2. Energy,3. Conclusions,(1)不改动主语，但改动谓语的结构；,(2)把主语译为宾语；,(3)译成无人称句或不定人称句等。,(1)不改动主语，但改动谓语的结构；, The discovery is highly appreciated in the field of science., The discovery is highly appreciated in the field of science.,(2)把主语译为宾语；, During operation good lubrication of the bearing should be cared, During operation good lubrication of the bearing should be cared,(3)译成无人称句或不定人称句等。, The car is then driven out of the factory, ready for shipping., The finished products must be carefully inspected before delivery., The car is then driven out of the factory, ready for shipping.,表格,表格,表格,表格, The car is then driven out of the factory, ready for shipping.,Fig. 12.1Total transport,energy consumption by sector, The car is then driven out of the factory, ready for shipping.,Fig. 12.2Total consumption by sector, The car is then driven out of the factory, ready for shipping.,表格, The finished products must be carefully inspected before delivery.,Fig.13.1Environmental product considerations,1. The,2. Design,3. Production,4. Suppliers,5. Packaging,6. Distribution,7. Price,8. Use,9. Disposal, Nobody knew the composition of this assembly before now., Nobody knew the composition of this assembly before now.,1. Introduction,1.1Context,1.2Public Transport Options,2. The,2. The,2.1Features of Light Rail,2.2Advantages of Light Rail,2.3The Emergence of Light Rail, He does not have much experience in repairing of ABS.,1. Classification,2. International,3. The, He does not have much experience in repairing of ABS.,1. Classification,(1) Slight injury. An injury of a minor character such as a sprain, bruise or a cut or laceration not judged to be severe.,(2) Serious injury. An injury for which a person is detained in hospital as an in-patient, or any of the following injuries regardless of whether he is detained in hospital: fractures, concussion, internal injuries, crushings, severe cuts and lacerations, severe general shock requiring medical treatment.,(3) Death. Death within 30 days.,(1) Slight injury. An injury of a minor character such as a sprain, bruise or a cut or laceration not judged to be severe.,(2) Serious injury. An injury for which a person is detained in hospital as an in-patient, or any of the following injuries regardless of whether he is detained in hospital: fractures, concussion, internal injuries, crushings, severe cuts and lacerations, severe general shock requiring medical treatment.,(3) Death. Death within 30 days.,2. International,Fig. 15.1Relation between number of deaths per 100000 population and,number of registered vehicles per 1000 population,2. International,表格,3. The,3.1Some General Statistics,3.2Types of Accident,表格,3.3Casualty Rates by Age and Sex, This equation is far from being complicated.,1. Age,2. Medical,3. Reaction,4. Alcohol,5. Attitudes,6. Accident,1. Road,2. Shoulders,3. Horizontal,4. Vertical,3.3Casualty Rates by Age and Sex,5. The,1. General,2. Oversteer,3. Understeer,4. Tyre/Road,5. Friction,6. Wet,7. Peak,8. Road,9. Tyre,1. Braking,3.3Casualty Rates by Age and Sex,2. Loss,3. Anti-locking,4. Effect,5. Rigid,6. Articulated,7. Load-sensing,1. General,2. The,3. Mass,4. Energy,1. Speed,3.3Casualty Rates by Age and Sex,2. Speed,3. Speed,1. Fuel,2. Fuel,3. Fuel,4. Fuel,1. Quality,2. Establishing,1. Length,2. Width,3. Height,3.3Casualty Rates by Age and Sex,1. Brakes,2. Tyres,3. Windscreen,4. View,5. Mirrors,6. Speedometer,7. Fuel,8. Power-to-Weight,9. Seat,1. Types,2. Test,3.3Casualty Rates by Age and Sex,3. Test,4. Test,5. The,6. Items,1. ,2. ,3. Seat,4. ,5. Smoke,6. Road,7. Size,3.3Casualty Rates by Age and Sex,8. Condition,9. Sideguards,10. Spare,11. Tractor,12. Trailer,13. Trailer,14. Spray,15. Cab,16. Cab,17. Cab,18. Driving,3.3Casualty Rates by Age and Sex,19. Security,20. Condition,21. ,22. Mirrors,23. View,24. Glass,25. Windscreen,26. Speedometer,27. Audible,28. Driving,29. Tachograph,3.3Casualty Rates by Age and Sex,30. Play,31. Steering,32. Steering,33. ,34. Pressure/vacuum,35. Build-up,36. Lever,37. Service,38. Service,39. Hand-operated,40. ,3.3Casualty Rates by Age and Sex,41. Condition,42. Electrical,43. Engine,44. Oil,45. Fuel,46. Exhaust,47. ,48. Suspension,49. Suspension,50. Attachment,51. Shock,3.3Casualty Rates by Age and Sex,52. ,53. Axles,54. Steering,55. Steering,56. Power,57. Transmission,58. ,59. Mechanical,60. Brake,61. Braking,62. Rear,3.3Casualty Rates by Age and Sex,63. Front,64. Rear,65. Reflectors,66. Direction,67. Aim,68. Headlamps,69. Stop,70. Trailer,71. Service,72. Secondary,73. Parking,3.3Casualty Rates by Age and Sex,74. ,75. ,1. Definitions,2. What,3. Transportation,1. Highways,2. Urban,3. Air,4. Rail,5. Water,6. Pipelines,3.3Casualty Rates by Age and Sex,7. Other,1. Highway,2. Highway,3.3Casualty Rates by Age and Sex,Fig. 15.2Casualties and fatalities for age and sex, This equation is far from being complicated.,1. Age,2. Medical,3. Reaction,4. Alcohol,Fig. 16.1Accident risk and blood alcohol content in drivers,5. Attitudes,6. Accident, Bearings should not be unboxed or unwrapped until the moment for fitting., Bearings should not be unboxed or unwrapped until the moment for fitting.,1. Road,2. Shoulders,3. Horizontal,4. Vertical,5. The,(1) The radius of curvature of both the entry to and exit from the major road for left turning vehicles should be adequate, so that vehicles are not compelled to slow down excessively, although the resulting angle at which a vehicle enters the main road should not be great enough to make it difficult for the driver to see vehicles with which he is merging on the main road,9,. Guide islands either raised or marked on the carriageway may be used to channel cars to the turns.,(2) Visibility, mainly from the minor road, at junctions can be improved:,5. The,(3) The reduction of conflicts. Conflicts arise when one stream of traffic crosses or merges with another, and within a single traffic stream when a vehicle suddenly slows down and may be struck by a following vehicle.,5. The,Fig. 17.1Left-and right-hand,splays at three-way junctions,5. The,Fig. 17.2Two types of staggered crossroads,(1) The radius of curvature of both the entry to and exit from the major road for left turning vehicles should be adequate, so that vehicles are not compelled to slow down excessively, although the resulting angle at which a vehicle enters the main road should not be great enough to make it difficult for the driver to see vehicles with which he is merging on the main road,9,. Guide islands either raised or marked on the carriageway may be used to channel cars to the turns.,(2) Visibility, mainly from the minor road, at junctions can be improved:,Fig. 17.3Slightly,offset crossroads,(3) The reduction of conflicts. Conflicts arise when one stream of traffic crosses or merges with another, and within a single traffic stream when a vehicle suddenly slows down and may be struck by a following vehicle., Dont forget opening the switch.,(3) The reduction of conflicts. Conflicts arise when one stream of traffic crosses or merges with another, and within a single traffic stream when a vehicle suddenly slows down and may be struck by a following vehicle.,Fig. 17.4Methods of reducing conflicts at staggered crossroads, Dont forget opening the switch.,1. General,(1) The stiffness of the tyres in the sideways direction, and therefore the sideways creep of the wheel when a side force is applied.,(2) The position of the centre of gravity.,(3) The moment of inertia of the vehicle about the vertical axis through the center of gravity (the moment in yaw).,(4) The roll moment of inertia.,(1) The stiffness of the tyres in the sideways direction, and therefore the sideways creep of the wheel when a side force is applied.,(2) The position of the centre of gravity.,(3) The moment of inertia of the vehicle about the vertical axis through the center of gravity (the moment in yaw).,(4) The roll moment of inertia.,2. Oversteer,3. Understeer,4. Tyre/Road,表格,5. Friction,6. Wet,7. Peak,8. Road,9. Tyre, Whatever he should say, I will not change my opinion., I can not tell you whether it would be true., Whatever he should say, I will not change my opinion., I can not tell you whether it would be true.,1. Braking,Fig. 19.1Braking distances for cars,commercial vehicles and motorcycles,2. Loss,3. Anti-locking,4. Effect,5. Rigid,6. Articulated,(1) At the trailer. This is the less common mode. The trailer wheels lock and the trailer may swing out, since those wheels can exert very little sideways force. This is most likely to occur when the vehicle is braked and steered on a curved path at same time.,(2) At the tractor. This is the more usual mode, and the one which may result in jack-knifing,(1) At the trailer. This is the less common mode. The trailer wheels lock and the trailer may swing out, since those wheels can exert very little sideways force. This is most likely to occur when the vehicle is braked and steered on a curved path at same time.,(2) At the tractor. This is the more usual mode, and the one which may result in jack-knifing,7. Load-sensing, If I were you, I should read the instructions carefully first., If I were you, I should read the instructions carefully first.,1. General,2. The,3. Mass,Fig. 20.1Variation of velocity change with mass ratio,4. Energy, If you had known the fundamental laws, you would have come to the correct conclusion.,(1) Limits applying to particular roads.,(2) Limits applying to particular classes of vehicle (including limits imposed by the mandatory fitment of speed limiter devices).,(3) Temporary speed limits introduced for special reasons such as in potentially hazardous situations and in times of fuel shortages., If you had known the fundamental laws, you would have come to the correct conclusion.,(1) Limits applying to particular roads.,(2) Limits applying to particular classes of vehicle (including limits imposed by the mandatory fitment of speed limiter devices).,(3) Temporary speed limits introduced for special reasons such as in potentially hazardous situations and in times of fuel shortages.,1. Speed,2. Speed,表格,3. Speed, If green plants should disappear come day, there would hardly be any life on the earth., If green plants should disappear come day, there would hardly be any life on the earth.,1. Fuel,(1) Mechanical condition.,(2) Efficient use.,(3) Addition of fuel economy aids.,(1) Fuel system (fuel tank, pipe lines, fitters, pump and injectors). There should be no leaks and the vehicle should not emit black smoke. Both of these are causes or consequences of excessive consumption as well as matters which could result in test failure and prosecution. Fuel pumps and injectors should be properly serviced as recommended by the manufacturers.,1. Fuel,(2) Wheels and brakes. Wheels should turn freely and without any brake binding. Front wheels should be correctly aligned. Brake binding and misalignment cause unnecessary friction which is only overcome by the use of more fuel. Axles on bogies should be correctly aligned because tyres running at slip angles have a high rolling resistance and therefore are a source of increased fuel consumption,4,.,(3) Driving controls. Throttle, clutch and brake pedals should be correctly adjusted so the driver has efficient control over the vehicle. In particular, engine tickover should be accurately adjusted.,(1) Vehicles running long distances when only partially loaded.,(2) Vehicles covering excessive distances to reach their destination.,1. Fuel,(3) Large vehicles being used for running errands or making small item deliveries which could be accomplished more efficiently, and certainly more economically, by other means.,(4) Vehicles running empty.,(1) Mechanical condition.,(2) Efficient use.,(3) Addition of fuel economy aids.,(1) Fuel system (fuel tank, pipe lines, fitters, pump and injectors). There should be no leaks and the vehicle should not emit black smoke. Both of these are causes or consequences of excessive consumption as well as matters which could result in test failure and prosecution. Fuel pumps and injectors should be properly serviced as recommended by the manufacturers.,(2) Wheels and brakes. Wheels should turn freely and without any brake binding. Front wheels should be correctly aligned. Brake binding and misalignment cause unnecessary friction which is only overcome by the use of more fuel. Axles on bogies should be correctly aligned because tyres running at slip angles have a high rolling resistance and therefore are a source of increased fuel consumption,4,.,(3) Driving controls. Throttle, clutch and brake pedals should be correctly adjusted so the driver has efficient control over the vehicle. In particular, engine tickover should be accurately adjusted.,(1) Vehicles running long distances when only partially loaded.,(2) Vehicles covering excessive distances to reach their destination.,(3) Large vehicles being used for running errands or making small item deliveries which could be accomplished more efficiently, and certainly more economically, by other means.,(4) Vehicles running empty.,2. Fuel,3. Fuel,(1) High-speed driving,(2) Erratic, stop-go driving.,(1) High-speed driving,(2) Erratic, stop-go driving.,4. Fuel,(1)数字后加“odd”或“and odd”，译成“有余”。,(2)数字前加“more than”“over”或“above”，译成“多于”“以上”。,(3)数字前加“less,(4)数字前加“some”、“about”，译成“大约”“左右”,(5)数字后加“or so”“or more”“or less”或“more or less”，分别译成“大约”“多于”“少于”“左右”。,(6)用“upwards of”“close to”“approximate to”等短语表示大约数量。,(1)数字后加“odd”或“and odd”，译成“有余”。,(2)数字前加“more than”“over”或“above”，译成“多于”“以上”。,(3)数字前加“less,(4)数字前加“some”、“about”，译成“大约”“左右”,(5)数字后加“or so”“or more”“or less”或“more or less”，分别译成“大约”“多于”“少于”“左右”。,(6)用“upwards of”“close to”“approximate to”等短语表示大约数量。,1. Quality,2. Establishing,(1)“(by)n + 单位”表示净增量
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