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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,18,th,century novel writing,Daniel Defoe,&,Jonathan Swift,The Rise of the Novel,Novel a literary genre,Definition: an invented prose narrative that is usually long and complex and deals especially with human experience through a usually connected sequence of events.,English novel development,Italian word novella, applied by Italian writer Giovanni Boccaccio,to his,Decameron,(1349).,Spanish picaresque stories e.g.,Don Quixote,French romances e.g.,The Romaunt,of Rose,English prose fiction before 1700, e.g. The Pilgrims Progress (1678),In 18,th,century novel became a dominant form of literature in England because it allowed the writer a creative space that no other genres of literature could provide.,As human horizons expanded with the rapid developments in science, industry, and interests of life, the novel became an increasingly popular literary form.,In a novel authors examined society with greater depth and breadth.,They wrote revealingly about people living within, or escaping from, the pressures of society.,They envisioned the hopes ad values of different classes of people in an age of a thriving bourgeoisie and implied their criticism of a social system that failed to satisfy human wishes and aspirations.,Early English novels had the middle class as its major audience.,Robinson Crusoe,Prototype: seaman Alexander Selkirk, marooned on an island off the coast of Chile.,Prototype of deserted island novel (shared subjects),Daniel Defoe (1660? -1731),Life,Works,Masterpiece,1660,Born in London in 1660; son of a tallow-chandler,1666,Witnessed both Plague and Great Fire of 1666,1667,Educated first at Dorking, then at Mortons Academy for Dissenters, Newington Green; to become a Presbyterian Minister,1684,later jailed for debt,1702,The Shortest Way with Dissenters,Fined, put in the pillory and then jailed at Newgate,Prison.,1719,Robinson Crusoe,1722,Moll Flanders; A Journal of the Plague Year;,Roxana.,Robinson Crusoe,Themes,Most simply: a story of sea adventures - childrens literature.,Politically: an artistic projection of colonial expansion,Individually: optimistic attitude + hard working facing life frustrations,Socially,：,different,western,cultural,values,：,The dignity of,labor,(a slogan to justify the bourgeoisies accumulation of wealth through diligent work and colonial expansion.),back to nature (I looked now upon the civilized world as a thing remote, which I had nothing to do with, no expectation from, and indeed no desires about),Religious devotion (inner peace does not come from material possessions but from communication with God.), Swift(1667-1745),Life,Swifts Works,Swifts Style,Gullivers Travels,Swifts Life,born in Dublin. A posthumous son.,遗腹子,.,And his mother was poor. He mainly relied on his unwilling relatives.,studied at Trinity College, Dublin; detested the routine curriculum; read only those appealing to his own nature; often at war with the college authorities; obstinate and unruly,桀骜不逊,after graduation, lived in a relatives house; relation unpleasant as a secretary / servant; eating at the servants table; left the relative and worked in a little church.; never forgot the bitter experience of “living under the roof of a noble family”.,later, got famous as a writer, VIP in London; vented his early repressed anger with his pen; tried to help young men of talent; sought them out and brought them up to London; obtained positions for them.,But unfortunately, he got a brain disease from early age which caused him intense pain. For this disorder, he could not marry though he was loved by 2 women. At last he got mad and died in misery in 1745. In his will, he bequeathed all his property to the building of a madhouse in Dublin. It is still there now, called “ Dr. Swifts Madhouse”,Swifts Works,1704: “,A Tale of a Tub,” to satirize Roman Catholic Church, puritans and church of England and to attack Christianity. It is a parable. He got famous from then on.,“,The Battle of the Books,” to attack pedantry in the literary world.,1708: “,Bickerstaff Almanac,” a squib,小品文，讽刺短文,about an astrologer,占星家,Partridge duped the London public by predicting future events in the form of an almanac. So Swift wrote his own almanac under the pseudonym of Isaac Bickerstaff and foretold the death date of Partridge.,1726,novel: “,Gullivers Travels”,“,The Drapers Letters,” “,A Modest Proposal,” - a most heartbreaking sarcasm.,Swifts Style,one greatest master of English prose, novelist;,simple, clear and vigorous language,no ornaments in his writing, but loved deeply by readers,unsurpassed in simple, direct and precise prose,a master satirist, his irony is deadly,but his satire is masked by an outward gravity,an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony,Part I.,Owing to a shipwreck, to Lilliput, 6-inch-tall people, two parties: high heels and low heels.Tories and Whigs, religious disputes on “ should eggs be broken at the big end or the little end?”.,Part II.,Voyage to Brobdingnag, the king holding Europe only an anthill, 60-foot tall. To satirize the strutting and bowing of English lords and ladies.,Part III.,Flying island, Gulliver could call up ancient famous men to question them, a satire on philosophers and projectors.,Part IV.,Houyhnhams, a country where Horses govern; Yahoos, though in shape of men, are beasts. Gulliver disgusts yahoos vice so that he does not want to go back to England but stay with the horses. Eventually he goes back home, only to be filled with disgust. He even swooned /fainted when his wife kissed him.,
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