四种句型

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句,Jessie,一、陈述句,1,、概述,用来叙述一个事实或观点的句子叫陈述句,(declarative sentence),。陈述句有肯定和否定两种形式，一般用降调，句末用句号。,1,、语序,陈述句的语序一般是“主语,+,谓语部分”，或“主语,+,系动词,+,表语”。,2,、否定结构,（,1,）助动词或情态动词,+not,The villagers,didnt,allow them to do this.,村民们没有允许他们这样做。,（,2,）用否定副词或代词否定,not,以外的否定词,no,、,none,、,nobody,、,nothing,、,never,、,seldom,、,hardly,、,little,、,neither,、,nor,等也构成陈述句的否定式。,None,of you watched carefully enough.,。,Song writers are,no longer,writing about the modern values of the US,（,3,）部分否定,不定代词或副词如,all,、,both,、,every, everybody, every day everything, everyone, many, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, everywhere, always, often,与,not,连用时，表示部分否定，意为“,并非都是，不是每个都是,”等。,But Im determined to enjoy myself as much as possible even though I,cant see everything,.,但是我决定要尽可能玩个痛快，即使我看不到,所有的地方,。,Not all,the parts of the car will be made in the factory.,并不是所有的汽车部件都在这家工厂制造。,（,4),双重否定,指同一句子里出现,两个,否定词，即否定之否定。,双重否定表示的意义是,肯定的,，通常比肯定句,语气更重,。,这种结构有：,nonot,no(not,)without, nobut, cant but+,动词（不得不）, cant help doing, none but,等。,He,doesnt,lend his book to,nobody,.,他的书没有哪本不借。,He c,ant,make anything out of,nothing,.,巧妇难为无米之炊。,Man,cant,live without,water,.,没有水人类无法生存。,（,5,）几乎否定,几乎否定又称,半否定,，表示整个句子的意思接近否定。常用的词有,little, few, seldom, barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely,等。,I have too,little,time to finish this work.,我的时间太少了，不能完成这项工作。,She is old and,rarely,goes out.,她年纪大了，很少外出。,（,6,）否定转移,宾语从句的否定转移,某些句子结构中，本应放在,that,从句中的否定词,not,往往被移至,主句的谓语动词前,，这种现象叫转移否定，这类动词,believe, expect, suppose, think, imagine, fancy, reckon,等候的宾语从句否定时,否定主句谓语,动词。主句主语是第一人称的一般现在时态。,We,dont think,there is anything of interest in your pictures.,我们认为你的画没有什么有趣的地方。,I,dont believe,its necessary to buy the bigger one.,我认为没有必要买容量大一点的,二、疑问句,疑问句,(interrogative sentence),用来提出问题，句末须用问号。疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、反意疑问句和选择疑问句。,1,、一般疑问句,（,1,）概述,一般疑问句,(general question),用来询问一件事情或一个情况是否属实，需要用肯定词,yes,或否定词,no,来回答。,-Hasnt,he passed the final examination?,期末他没有及格吗？,-,Yes, he has.,不，他及格了。,（,2,）基本结构,“,be,、,have,、助动词或情态动词,+,主语,+,谓语”,-,Are you,good at sailing?,你赛艇很行吧？,否定,2,、特殊疑问句,（,1,）概述,特殊疑问句,(special question),是用来对句子某一部分提问的疑问句，以疑问词开头。,How,shall I do it?,我怎样做呢？,What,time will you come?,你什么时候来？,When,will we leave?,我们什么时候离开,?,3,、反意疑问句,（,1,）概述,反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句,(tag question),，附在陈述句后，对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问，由“,be,、,have,、助动词或情态动词,+,主语（与陈述句的主语相同）”构成，答语用,yes,或,no,。,如果陈述句是,肯定结构,，其后的附加疑问句用,否定结构,，反之，陈述句是,否定结构,，其后的附加疑问句即是,肯定结构,。,She looks quiet enough,doesnt she,?,她看上去足够平静，不是吗？,-You,havent,been to Beijing,have you,?,你去过北京吗？,-,No,I,havent. How I wish to go there!,没，还没有。我多么想去啊！,注意,：,前否定后肯定,反意疑问句的答语,否定回答要用“,No,否定短句,肯定回答要用“,Yes,肯定短句”，,这种省略回答的,yes,要译成“不”，,no,要译成“是”。,-She hasnt got up, has she?,她还没有起床，是吗？,-Yes, she has,.,不，她已经起来了。,No, she hasnt.,是的，她还没起来。,（,1,） 当陈述部分的主语是指示代词时,当陈述部分的主语是指示代词,this, that, these, those,时，附加疑问句中的主语不再用指示代词，而要用,it,或,they,代替。,That isnt your desk,is it,?,那不是你的桌子，是吗？,These are interesting stories, a,rent they,?,这些故事很有趣，是吗,（,2),当陈述部分的主语是“,Im.”,结构时，疑问部分一般用,arent I,。,Im late for class,arent I,?,我迟到了，是吗？,（,3,）当陈述部分的主语是,everybody, everyone, somebody, nobody, none,等合成代词时，附加疑问部分的主语多用,they,，但也可用,he,。,Everyone came here,didnt they,?,都来了，是吗？,Nobody phoned while I was out,did they,?,我不在时，没人给我打电话，是吗？,（,4,）当陈述部分的主语是,everything, anything, nothing,等不定代词时，疑问部分的主语用,it,。,Everything is ready,isnt it,?,都准备好了，是吗？,Nothing can stop us ,can it?,没有什么能阻止我们，是吗？,（,5,）当陈述部分以不定代词,one,作主语，疑问部分的主语在正式的场合用,one,，在非正式场合用,you,。,One cant be too careful,can,one(you,)?,怎么细心都不为过，你说呢？,（,6,）当陈述部分是“,there be+,主语,+,其它”结构时，疑问部分要用“,be(not)+there,”,结构。,There is a book on the desk,isnt there?,桌子上有本书，是吗？,There used to be a lot of coal mines in the south,didnt there,?,过去在南部有大量煤矿，不是吗？,（,7,）当陈述部分的主语是“,I dont think (suppose,believe)+that,从句”结构时，疑问部分的主语和谓语须和,从句中的,主语和谓语在人称和数上相一致,并且还要用肯定形式。,I dont suppose anyone will volunteer,will they,?,我认为没人会自愿去做，是吗？,I dont think youve heard of him before,have you,?,我想你从前没听说过他，是吗？,注意,：,主句的主语不是第一人称时,I,是不存在这种情况。,You,dont think he can finish the work,do you,?,（,8,）当陈述部分的谓语动词是,have,时，有两种情况：,have,作“,有,”解时，可有两种形式。,He has a new book,hasnt/doesnt he,?,他有一本新书，是吗？,He has a lot of money,hasnt /doesnt he,?,他有很多钱，是吗？,have,表示,其它意思,时，只用,do,的相应形式。,He seldom has lunch at school,does he,?,他在学校很少吃午饭，是吗？,His wife had the front door painted green yesterday,didnt she,?,他妻子昨天请人把房子刷成了绿色的，是吧？,（,9,）当陈述部分有情态动词,ought to,时，疑问部分的谓语动词用,ought(oughtnt,),代替。,Such things ought not to be allowed,ought they,?,这种事是不允许的，是不是？,He ought to be punished,oughtnt he,?,他应当受到惩罚，是吗？,（,10,）当陈述部分有情态动词,used to,时，疑问部分的谓语动词有两种形式。,He used to live in Beijing,use(d)nt,he/didnt he,?,他在北京住过，是吗？,(11),当陈述部分有情态动词,must,时，常用的有三种情况：,must,表示“,必须”、“禁止,”等时，疑问部分用,must(mustnt,),。,I must answer the letter,mustnt I,?,我必须回信，是吗？,You mustnt on grass,must you?,你不能呆在草地上，知道吗？,must,表示“,有必要,”时，附加疑问部分则用,neednt,。,You must go home right now,neednt you?,当,must,用来对现在的情况进行,“推测,”时，疑问部分的谓语要根据,must,之后的动词不定式采用相应的形式。,You must be tired,arent you?,你一定是累了，是吗？,She must be bad at physics,isnt she,?,她物理一定不好，不是吗？,You must know it, do you?,你肯定知道，是吗？,当,must,用来对过去的情况进行“推测”,(,must+have,+,过去分词,),时，若强调对,过去情况,的推测（一般有过去时间状语），疑问部分的谓语动词用“,didnt,+,主语,”；若强调,动作的完成,（一般没有过去时间状语），疑问部分的谓语动词用“,havent(hasnt,)+,主语”。,He must have been working here for 20 years,hasnt he,?,他一定在这工作了,20,年，是吗？,You must have seen him yesterday,didnt you,?,昨天你一定看见他了，不是吗？,（,12,）当陈述部分有,have to,或,has to, had to,时，疑问部分一般,用,do,的相应形,式。,We have to get up at four tomorrow,dont we,?,我们明天得四点起床，是吗？,They had to leave early, didnt they?,他们早走是不得已，是不是？,（,13,）当陈述部分有,had better,时，疑问部分用,hadnt,或,shouldnt,。,Hed better leave,hadnt he,?,他最好离开，是吗？,（,14,）当陈述部分有,seldom, hardly, few, little, no, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere,等否定词或半否定词时，疑问部分要用,肯定,形式。,She never tells a lie,does she,?,她从不撒谎是吧？,Few people know her,do they,?,几乎没有人认识她，是吗？,（,15,）祈使句的反意疑问句一般只用肯定式,Lets,引导的祈使句，其反意疑问句一般用“,shall we?”,。,Lets discuss it now,shall we,?,让我们现在讨论它，好吗？,由,let us/him/ them,（不是,lets,）引导的反意疑问句表示“请求”（不包括听话人）时，一般用,“,will you”,。,Let us go home,will you,?,让我们回家好吗？,let me,开头的反意疑问句可用,will you,，也可用,may I,。,Let me do it for you,may I,?,我替你做，行吗？,Let me have a rest,will you?,我歇一会好吗？,祈使句的反意疑问句一般只用肯定式,；,Pass me the book,will you,?,递给我那本书，好吗？,如果祈使句,为否定式,，疑问部分只能,用肯定式,。,Dont smoke in the meeting room,will you,?,请不要在会议室抽烟，好吗？,Dont speak aloud any more,will you,?,别在大声喧哗了好吗？,4,、选择疑问句,选择疑问句（,alternative question,）提供两种（或两种以上）情况，问对方选择哪一种，其结构可用一般疑问句，也可用特殊疑问句，在提供的情况之间用连词,or,，,前者用升调，后者用降调,，回答要求用比,较完整,的句子。,-,Which,do you prefer,horse-riding or shooting,? -,你喜欢什么，骑马还是射击？,-I prefer horse-riding.-,我喜欢骑马。,三、祈使句,1,、概述,祈使句,(imperative sentence),表命令、警告、提醒、建议、请求、叮嘱、号召等，谓语动词用原形。主语,you,通常省略，句末用叹号或句号。,Try some of this juice,-perhaps youll take it.,建议,Look out,! There is a train coming.,！,（提醒）,Wear strong shoes,as we shall do a lot of walking.,叮嘱,Put your coat,at once. We must hurry.,立刻穿上衣服。我们必须快点。（命令）,Give blood,if you can and many lives will be saved.,如果你能，来献血吧，这会挽救很多人的生命。（号召）,1,、祈使句的主语,祈使句的主语多为不言而喻的,you,一般不出现,。但若是要强调主语；或表示急躁、厌烦、不高兴、愤怒等感情色彩；表示向谁请求或发出命令，祈使句可有主语，除,you,外可以用不代词,one, someone, somebody, everybody, everyone,或名词。,当说话人强调主语或上级对下级，长者对年青人或小孩讲话时。,John, open the door!,约翰，去开门！,当说话人有急躁、厌烦、不高兴、愤怒等感情色彩,Come here,you,!,你，过来！（放句尾，表示轻视、傲视）,2,肯定祈使句的强调,肯定祈使句可用助动词,do,加强语气，常译为“务必、一定要”。,Do,save me!,天那,！（救救我吧）,Do,come in.,请进。,3.“,祈使句,and/or,陈述句”结构,（,1,）祈使句,+,and(then,，,and then)+,陈述句,（,2,）祈使句,+,（,or,，,or else,，,otherwise,）,+,陈述句,Work hard,，,OR/otherwise,，,youll fail,.,努力干，要不，你会失败的。,四、感叹句,感叹句,(exclamatory sentence),用来表示说话人喜怒哀乐、惊讶、赞美等强烈感情的句子。用降调，句末用感叹号，句首多用,how,和,what,，其余与陈述句结构相同。,1,、带有,how,的感叹句,（,1,）,How,形容词主语谓语,!,他是多么的幸福啊,!,How happy,he is!,西湖是多么的美丽啊,!,How beautiful,the West Lake is!,（,2,）,How,副词主语谓语,!,他跑得多么慢呀,!,How slowly,he runs!,How beautifully,you sing!,你唱得多么好听啊！,（,3,）,How,主语动词,!,她母亲是多么地担心啊,!,How,her mother worried!,他是多么的喜欢集邮啊,!,How,he enjoys collecting stamps!,（,4,）,How+,形容词,+,a(an,)+,可数名词单数形式,！,How interesting a book,it is!,多么有趣的一本书啊！,（,5,）,How+ many, much, few, little+,名词,+,主语谓语,!,How little food,they have!,他们的食物多么少啊！,How few books,she has!,他有的书多么少,2,、带有,what,的感叹句,带有,what,的感叹句用来感叹名词，被感叹的名词既可以,是可数名词也可以是不可数名词。,（,1,）,What a/an,(,形容词,),单数名词谓语,!,天气多么好啊,!,What a fine day,it is!,（,2,）,What,(,形容词,),复数名词谓语,!,他们是多么可笑的故事啊,!,What funny stories,they are!,（,3,）,What,(,形容词,),不可数名词谓语,!,我们那时遇到了多么可怕的天气啊,!,What terrible weather,we met!,51.Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation?,-It,.,A. all depend B. all depends C. is all depended D. is all depending,52.,be sent to work there?,A. Who do you suggest B. Who do you suggest that should,C. Do you suggest who should D. Do you suggest whom should,53.Leave it with me and Ill see what I can do.,A.When,left,B.Leaving,C.If,you leave,D.Leave,54._him and then try to copy what he does. (1999),A.Mind,B.Glance,C.Stare,at,D.Watch,55.-Alice,you feed the bird today,_?,-,Yes.But,I fed it yesterday. (1999),A.do,you,B.will,you,C.didnt,you,D.dont,you,56._we have today!(1983),A.A fine weather,B.What,a fine weather,C.How,a fine weather,D.What,fine weather,57.Oh,John._you gave us!(1990),A.How,a pleasant surprise,B.How,pleasant surprise,C.What,a pleasant surprise,D.What,pleasant surprise,58._food you,ve,cooked!(1991),A.How,a nice,B.What,a nice,C.How,nice,D.What,nice,59._terrible weather we,ve,been having these days! (1992),A.How,a,B.What,a,C.How,D.What,60._from Beijing to London!(1993),A.How,long way it is,B.What,a long way is it,C.How,long way is it,D.What,a long way it is,51.B 52.A 53.D 54.D 55.B 56.D 57.C 58.D 59.D 60.D,