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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 1 Great Scientists,geologist,地质学家,geographer,地理学家,mathematician,数学家,physicist,物理学家,chemist,化学家,agriculturist,农学家,astronomer,天文学家,botanist,植物学家,biologist,生物学家,inventor,发明家,Scientist:,New words (1),Warming up,Text study,New words (2),Learning about Language,Using language,Workbook,WARMING UP,1. Can you name some famous scientists?,Newton,Galileo,Edison,Watt,Curie,Bell,Franklin,Einstein,Nobel,Flaming,Hawking,Joule,杨振宁,李政道,丁肇中,李远哲,朱棣文,崔 琦,王 选,袁隆平,钱学森,陈景润,2. Try the quiz on P1 and find out who knows the most.,1.Which scientist discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float?,Archimedes,(287-212 BC),an ancient Greek,mathematician & physicist,2.Who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed?,Charles Darwin,(1808-1882),British author of,The Origin of Species,3.Who invented the first steam engine?,Thomas Newcomen,(1663-1729) British, improved the first steam pump and turned it into a steam engine for taking water out of mines in 1712. James Watt improved it and turned it into the first modern steam engine used on the railways.,4.Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed from parents to their children?,Gregor Mendel,(1822-1884) Czech (,捷克人,),5.Who discovered radium?,Marie Curie,(1867-1934),(Polish and French, won two Nobel Prizes),6.Who invented the way of giving electricity to everybody in large cities?,Thomas Edison,(1847-1931),an American inventor,7.Who was the painter that studied dead bodies to improve his painting of people?,Last Supper,Mona Lisa,Leonardo da Vinci,(1452-1519) Italian artist,8.Who invented a lamp to keep miners safe underground?,Sir Humphry Davy,(1778-1829)British,Miniature Miners Safety Lamp,9.Who invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened?,Zhang Heng,(78-139) Chinese, invented seismograph,10.Who put forward a theory about black holes?,Stephen Hawking,(1942-),a British astronomer,Text study,Pre-reading,Skimming,Fast reading,Detailed reading,Comprehending,1. Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research? Discuss in small groups the stages in setting out a new scientific idea. What order would you put them in?,Pre-reading,Find a problem,Think of a method,Make a question,Collect results,Analyse the results,Find supporting evidence,Draw a conclusion,2. What do you know about infectious disease?,1. Infectious diseases can,be spread easily,.,2. They may,do great harm to people.,AIDS,SARS are infectious diseases,3. Infectious diseases are,difficult to cure.,What do you know about cholera?,Cholera is caused by a bacterium called Varian cholera,（霍乱弧菌）,.,It infects peoples intestines,(,肠胃,),causing diarrhea,（腹泻）, vomiting and leg cramps,(,腿抽筋,).,The most common cause of cholera is people eat food or drink water that has been polluted by the bacteria.,Varian cholera,Skimming,1. Whats the main idea of the passage?,John Snow was a well-known doctor in London.,The cause of Cholera was polluted water.,The source of all drinking water should be examined.,How did John Snow collect, analyze data and find the cause of the disease and solved it .,Fast reading,(in 10 minutes):,Step 1: Match the main idea with each paragraph.,Para.1,Para.2,Para.3,Para.4,Para.5,Para.6,Para.7,John Snow collected information to test the two theories.,John Snow suggested how to prevent cholera from happening again.,John Snow was a famous doctor in London and he was kind enough to help the ordinary people with cholera.,John Snow was sure enough that polluted water carried the disease of cholera.,John Snow was interested in two theories about cholera.,The reason for cholera was that the source of the water,（水源）,was polluted.,The map showed that the polluted water might be the reason for cholera.,Step 2: Read the passage and number these events in the order that they happened.(P3,E1),_ John Snow began to test two theories.,_ An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854.,_ John Snow marked the deaths on a map.,_ He announced that the water carried the,disease.,_ John Snow investigated two streets where the outbreak was very severe.,_ King Cholera was defeated.,_ He found that most of the deaths were near a water pump.,_ He had the handle removed from the water pump.,2,1,4,7,3,8,5,6,Detailed reading,John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”,JOHH SHOW,DEFEATS,“KING CHOLERA”,Para.1,John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he,attended,Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its,cure,was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.,Chinese,Task 1,Para.2,He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people,absorbed,this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.,Chinese,Task 2,Para.3,John Snow,suspected,that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.,Chinese,Task 3,Para.4,First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to,blame.,Chinese,Task 4,Para.5,Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the,handle,from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.,Chinese,Task 5,Para.6,In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.,Chinese,Task 6,Para.7,To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally King Cholera was defeated.,Chinese,Task 7,约翰,斯洛击败,“,霍乱王,”,Para.1,约翰,斯洛是伦敦一位著名的医生,他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。但他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病，人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。每次霍乱暴发时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓死去。约翰,斯洛想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。他知道，在找到病源之前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。,English,Para.2,斯洛对霍乱致人死地的两种推测都很感兴趣。一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖着，像一股危险的气体到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者为止。第二种看法是人们在吃饭的时候把这种病毒引入体内的。病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者就会很快地死去。,English,Para.3,斯洛推测第二种说法是正确的，但他需要证据。因此，在,1854,年伦敦再次暴发霍乱的时候，约翰,斯洛着手准备对此进行调研。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，约翰,斯洛就开始收集资料。他发现特别在两条街道上霍乱流行的很严重，在,10,天之内就死去了,500,多人。他决心要查明其原因。,English,Para.4,首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的地方。这提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近（特别是这条街上,16,、,37,、,38,、,40,号）。他发现有些住宅（如宽街上,20,号和,21,号以及剑桥街上的,8,号和,9,号）却无人死亡。他以前没预料到这种情况，所有他决定深入调查。他发现，这些人都在剑桥街,7,号的酒馆里打工，而酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵抽上来的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。,English,Para.5,接下来，约翰,斯洛调查了这两条街的水源情况。他发现，水是从河里来的，而河水被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。这样，水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就开始得到缓解。他证明了霍乱是由病菌而不是由气团传播的。,English,Para.6,在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街暴发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中发现了有力的证据。有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢那里的水，每天都要派人从水泵打水运到家里来。她和她的女儿喝了这种水，都得了霍乱而死去。有了这个特别的证据，约翰,斯洛就能够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。,English,Para.7,为了防止这种情况的再度发生,约翰,斯洛建议所有水源都要经过检测。自来水公司也接到指令，不能再让人们接触被污染的水了。最终，,“,霍乱王,”,被击败了。,English,Task 1:,Read the first paragraph carefully,then answer these questions.,1.What was the most deadly disease in 19,th,century?Why?,2.When could the cholera be controlled?,The cholera,because neither its cause,nor its cure was understood.,John Snow knew it would never be controlled until its cause was found.,Task 2:,What were the two theories explaining how cholera killed people?,The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.,The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.,Task 3:,Read the third paragraph then tell these sentences are true or false.,1.When another outbreak hit London in 1854,John snow was ready to begin his enquiry.,2.He found that in two tall buildings the cholera outbreak was so severe.,True or false,:,Task 4:,What helped John Snow find the clue about the cause of the disease?,A map of London,Task 5:,What did John Snow find?,He found that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.,Task 6:,When was John Snow able to announce,with certainty,that polluted water carried the virus?,After he found two deaths in another part of London that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.,Task 7:,To prevent the cholera from spreading again, what did John Snow do?,Suggested that the source of all water supplies be examined.,Instructed the water companies not to expose people to polluted water anymore.,1. defeat,vt.,to win a victory over someone in a war, competition, game etc.,打败，战胜，使受挫,Ive tried to solve the problem, but it defeats me!,Our team defeated theirs in the game.,n.,failure to win or succeed,失败，输,This means admitting defeat.,They have got six victories and two defeats.,即学即用,(1),张怡宁在第,29,届奥运会上艰难地战胜了李佳薇。,Zhang Yining _ Li Jiawei _,_ in the 29th Olympics.,(2),这个问题把我难住了，我无法解决它。,The problem has _ and I cant solve it.,(3),这个政党面临选举失败。,The party _ in the election.,defeated,with,difficulty,defeated me,faces defeat,2.,attend,vt. &vi,参加，注意，照料,be present at,参加,attend a ceremony / lecture / a movie / school / class / a meeting,I shall be attending the meeting.,Please let me know if you are unable to attend the conference., attend to (on): to look after, care for, serve,伺候,照顾，看护,The queen had a good doctor attending on her.,Dr Smith attended her in hospital.,治疗,Are you being attended to?,接待,Mother had to attend to her sick son., attend to,处理，注意倾听,A nurse attends to his needs.,Can you attend to the matter immediately?,I may be late I have got one or two things to attend to.,Excuse me, but I have an urgent matter to attend to.,3. cure,与,treat,cure,主要指痊愈，强调的是结果。,treat,强调治疗过程，指通过药物、特别的食品或运动治疗病人或疾病，不强调结果。,They cured me of my influenza.,They treated me with a new drug.,4. absorb,to take sth. in, especially gradually,吸收,Plants absorb carbon dioxide.,In cold climates, houses need to have walls that will absorb heat.,Paper that absorbs ink is called blotting paper (,吸墨纸,).,The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.,to understand facts or ideas completely and remember them,Its hard to absorb so much information.,be absorbed in = concentrate on,专心于,He is absorbed in the research of Chinese history recently.,The writer was so absorbed in his writing that he forgot to flick the ashes from his cigar.,I was so absorbed in a book that I didnt hear you call.,absorb ones attention,Chinese history absorbs his attention recently.,5. suspect:,to think that something is probably true or likely, especially something bad,vt.,怀疑，猜疑,n.,嫌疑犯，有嫌疑的人,adj.,可疑的，靠不住的,suspect sb. of doing sth.,怀疑某人做,She suspected him of taking her money.,以为，猜想,We suspected that he had finished doing his homework.,6. blame,v.,责备；谴责；把,归咎于,n,n.,过失；责备,blame sb. / sth. for sth.:,to say or think that sb. or sth. is responsible for sth. bad,因,而指责,Its not fair to blame me. Its not my fault.,They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan.,Many children are afraid of being blamed for making mistakes in speaking English.,blame sth. on sb. / sth.:,be responsible for sth. bad,把,归咎于,The police blamed the traffic accident on Jacks careless driving., (be) to blame,应受责备（主动表被动）；承担责任,The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.,Which driver was to blame for the accident?,Either he or I am to blame.,Mr. Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one to blame.,Who is to blame for the fire?, take the blame: to say that sth. is your fault,承担责任,He is ready to take the blame for what had happened., put the blame on,怪在,身上,Its no use blaming our defeat on him.,7. handle,vt.,to deal with,处理，买卖，操作,n.,把手，把柄,The children are so naughty that I cant handle them.,处理,This shop handles paper and stationery.,买卖,We dont handle that sort of book.,买卖,How shall we handle the problem.,处理,Can you handle the situation at present?,处理,It has a free handle.,活把手,He learnt how to handle the axe.,操作,Comprehending,Ex.2 Read the passage again and answer these questions.,1. John Snow believed Idea 2 was right. How did he finally prove it?,John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera, collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.,2. Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map? Give a reason.,No. The map helped John Snow organise his ideas. He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.,3. Cholera was a 19,th,century disease. What disease do you think is similar to cholera today? Why?,Two diseases, which are similar today,are SARS and AIDS because they are both,very serious, have an unknown cause and,need public health care to solve them.,Discovering useful words and expressions,Grammar,Discovering useful structures,Learning about language,Discovering useful words and expressions,Ex.1 Find the word and expression from the text for each of the following meanings.,1._ someone who suffers when something bad happens,2._ a doctor,3._ to examine and think about something carefully,4._ to win a victory over someone,victim,physician,analyse,defeat,5._ something that tests strength, skill or ability,6._ a question you ask to get information,7._ a machine for raising water,8._ to say or think that someone or something is responsible for something bad,9._ to take in,10._ to connect something with something else,challenge,enquiry,pump,blame,absorb,linkto,Ex.2 Choose the words in their correct forms to complete this passage.,foresee cure severe expert attend announce suspect conclude expose,Simon Lee was a famous footballer but his career came to an end when he developed a _ illness. His doctor _ that Simon had been _ to a new virus. All attempts by the _ to _ him failed. Simon _ that he would not get better and _ that he must leave football. Finally, he _ that he would make a new career coaching young football players. At his last match all his fans _ and praised him by singing the popular song “Thanks for the memory”.,severe,suspected,exposed,experts,cure,foresaw,concluded,announced,attended,Ex.3 Sometimes in English we put the verb,make,with a noun instead of using a simple verb; for example,make a mistake,instead of,to mistake,. Look at these simple verbs and make another,construction,using,make+a+noun,. Add one more of your own.,to suggest,to decide,to plan,to contribute,to speak,to be noisy,to change,to describe,to investigate,make a suggestion,make a plan,make a speech,make a change,make an investigation,make a decision,make a contribution,make a noise,make a description,to choose,make a choice,Grammar,过去分词作定语和表语,.,过去分词作定语,1.,单个的过去分词作定语一般放在所修饰的名词之前；过去分词短语作定语一般要后置。,two married women,a found umbrella,a used stamp,fallen leaves,a novel written by Jim,the letter sent to our boss,2.,过去分词具有被动或完成的含义。,Whats the language spoken in Germany?,They decided to rebuild the damaged bridge.,3.,过去分词作定语常可扩展为一个定语从句。,He is fond of the food cooked (=which had been cooked) by your mother.,The report is the best of its kind ever written (=that has ever been written).,4.,有时通过一个形容词或数词加另一名词的,-ed,形式构成复合形容词。,a three-legged desk,a one-eyed dog,an honest-faced man,a warm-hearted lady,a,）用作前置定语的过去分词通常来自及物动词，带有被动意义和完成意义。,例如,：,We like skating in the frozen lake in the winter.,=We like skating in the lake which has been frozen in the winter.,How many finished products have you got up to now?,=How many products that have been finished have you got up to now?,来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置定语，能作这样用的仅限以下几个词，这时仅表示完成意义，不表示被动意义。,例如,：,a retired worker=a worker who has retired,an escaped prisoner=a prisoner who has escaped,a faded / withered flower=a flower that has faded / withered,fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen,the risen sun=the sun that has just risen,a returned student=a student who has returned,vanished treasure=treasure that has vanished,b),用作后置定语的过去分词通常也来自及物动词，表示被动意义和完成意义。这时过去分词相当于一个定语从句。,例如,：,Things seen are better than things heard.,=Things which are seen are better than things which are heard.,The lobster broiled over charcoal was delicious.,=The lobster which was broiled over charcoal was delicious.,.,过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。,用作表语的过去分词大多来自及物动词；不及物动词的过去分词能作表语的只限于少数表示位置转移的动词，如,go, come, assemble,等，它们用在连系动词之后，表示完成意义，无被动意义。,例如,：,The man looked quite disappointed.,He is greatly discouraged by her refusal.,His hair is nearly all gone.,已经形容词化了的过去分词大多可作表语，常见的有,accomplished, amazed, amused, astonished, broken, closed, completed, complicated, confused, crowded, devoted, disappointed, discouraged, drunk, excited, frightened, hurt, interested, lost, satisfied, surprised, worried,等。,Discovering useful structures,Ex.2 Complete the table with phrases that,have the same meaning.,Past Participle as the Attribute (1),Past Participle as the Attribute (2),1 terrified people,1 people terrified of (cholera),2 reserved seats,2,3 polluted water,3,4 a crowded room,4,5 a pleased winner,5,seats reserved by,water polluted by,a room crowded with,a winner pleased with,Past Participle as the Attribute (1),Past Participle as the Attribute (2),6,6,children astonished at/by,7,7,a vase broken by,8,8,a door closed by,9,9,the audience tired of,10,10,an animal trapped in/by,astonished,children,a broken vase,a closed door,the tired audience,a trapped animal,Ex.3 Complete the sentences using the past participle as the predicative.,He got _ about losing the money.,The painter looked so _ after
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