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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Welcome to our class,语法框架图,按使用目的分,1.,陈述句,2.,疑问句,3.,祈使句,4.,感叹句,:,说明一个事实或陈述一种看法,:,提出问题,:,提出请求,建议或发出命令，省略主语,you,的句子,:,表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪,语法框架图,、,按其结构可以分,:,1.,简单句,2.,并列句,3.,复合句,1.,主语,+,谓语,2.,主语,+,谓语,+,宾语,3.,主语,+,系动词,+,表语,4.,主语,+,谓语,+,宾语,+,宾语补足语,5.,主语,+,谓语,+,间接宾语,+,直接宾语,1,定语从句,2.,名词性从句,3.,状语从句,1.,表语从句,2.,主语从句,3.,宾语从句,4.,同位语从句,条件,结果,方式,让步,时间,比较,.,在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句,。,名词性从句,主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,状语从句,1.,时间,状语从句,2.,地点,状语从句,3.,原因,状语从句,4.,条件,状语从句,5.,让步,状语从句,6.,目的,状语从句,7.,结果,状语从句,8.,方式,状语从句,9.,比较,状语从句,1.,状语定义,:,合句中由,从句,担任状语，称作状语从句，它可以用来修饰谓语、定语或状语，或是整个句子,2.,当充当状语的部分是一个句子时，也就是状语从,句。,分类如下：,什么是状语？,时间,地点,条件,让步,原因,目的,结果,比较,方式,状语从句,一,.,时间状语从句,1.,注意时态一致,.,一般情况下,:,主句 是,将来时,的时候,从句 用,一般现在时,1,.,表示同时性，即主从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。,1.,时间状语从句,引导词可分为两部分,as,while,when,whenever,before,after,until (till),since,as soon as,every time,next time,the first/time,the moment,the minute/,instantly,immediately,directly,(,一,就,),as,引导的时间状语从句,可以表达“正当,”,， “一 边,一边,”,，“随着,”,等意思。,1.,表示某事一发生，另一事立即发生,。,As,the sun rose, the fog disappeared.,2.,表示在某事发生的过程中，另一事发生,。,Just,as,he was speaking there was a loud explosion.,3.,表示两个动作同时发生,。,Helen sang a song,as,she washed.,4.,表示“随着,.”.,常指一个行为是另一个行为的结果。,As she grew older, she became more beautiful.,1.,as, while , when,的区别,while,:,持续性动词 进行时,1.,一般或现在情况,2.,将来情况,V,一般现在时或现在进行时,3.,过去情况,e.g. I like listening to music while I am doing,my homework,.,e.g. Im going to the post office.,-,While,you are there, can you get some,stamps for me?,e.g. I hurt my should,while,I was doing gym.,When:,1.,当,的时候,When I was young, I went to town myself.,When he receives the letter, hell tell us.,before,引导的时间状语从句,1.,常译为“在,之前”，,2.,表示,主句,的动作发生在,从句,的动作,之前,。,1.We clean the classroom before we leave school every day.,2.It will not be long before you regret for what youve done.,after,引导的时间状语从句,1.,常译为“在,之后”，,2.,表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后,。,1.After you use plastic bags, you mustnt throw them about.,用过了塑料袋之后，不准到处乱扔。,The Amrican War lasted four years _ the North won in the end.,A. After B. before C. when D. then,B,since,引导的时间状语从句,1.,常译为“自从,”,，,2.,主句常用,现在完成时,，从句常用,一般过去时,。,1.,我们自从分手以后一直没见过面。,We havent seen each other since we parted.,常用句型：,It has been (is) +,时间段,+ since,从句,“自从,有多长时间了,”,2.,自从她大学毕业已经有六年时间了。,It has been (is) six years since she graduated from the university.,before,after,since,He had left the town the day _ she arrived.,It was not long _ he left his hometown.,I played football _ I (had) finished my homework,Please tell her Ill come _ I do some shopping.,It will not be long _ we meat each other again.,It _ (be) two years since we _ (begin) to use this machine.,before,after,before,before,after,is/ has been,began,until/ till,引导的时间状语从句,1.,常译为“直到,时”，,2.,表示主句动作发生在从句之前,。,当主句谓语动词是,延续性动词,时，主句常用,肯定形式,。,1,：我会待在这里，直到你回来。,I,ll,stay,here,until,you come back,.,当主句谓语动词,是非延续性动词,时,主句常用,否定形式,。,not until“,直到,才,”,，这时,until,可用,before,替换。,He did,nt,go to bed,until,he finished his homework.,2.,他直到做完作业才睡觉。,_ he heard this, he got very,angry.,2. I met Lucy_ I was walking,along the river.,3. _ a child, he lived in the,countryside.,A. when B. while C. as,对比训练,1,A,B,C,1. We were about to leave_ it began to,rain.,2. She thought I was talking about her son,_, in fact, I was talking about my son.,3. Hardly had I finished my composition,_ the bell rang.,A. when B. while C. as D. during,对比训练,2,A,B,A,as soon as,引导的时间状语从句,1.,译为“一,就,”,，,2.,表示从句动作一发生，主句的动作马上就发生,。,1.,他一回来我就告诉他这件事。,I will tell him about it as soon as he comes back.,2.,相当于,as soon as,用法的词或短语还有,：,immediately,directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant,等,.,2.Ill give him your message,the minute,he arrives,.,1.Directly,I had done it, I knew I had made a mistake,.,名词短语,引导的时间状语从句,1.the moment, the minute,3.the instant, the time,5.the hour, the day,7.by the time, each time,9.every time, next time, any time,等,也可以引导时间状语从句,。,1.I thought her nice and honest the first time I saw her.,2.By the time you arrived, the lecture had already ended,.,3.By the time he comes, we will already have left.,1.,When every time I was in trouble, he would come to help me.,2.,At next time you come, do remember bring your son here.,3.,For the first time I met the girl. I felt in love with her.,4.,You are welcome to come back at any time you want to.,5.,At the last time she saw James, he was lying in bed.,语法规则：,every time,each time,next time,the first time,any time,等名词短语引导状语从句,不加介词,。,考点,:,名词短语引导时间状语从句,其他连词,引导的时间状语从句,1.no sooner than,hardly/ scarcely/ barelywhen,2.,从句用,一般过去时,，主句用,过去完成时,。,3.,当,no sooner, hardly/ scarcely/ barely,位于句首时，,主句要用,部分倒装,。,1.I,had,no sooner begun to talk than he,rang,off.,2.No sooner,had I,begun to talk than he rang off.,我还未来得及讲话，他就挂断了电话。,1. It cost me 20 yuan to get to the,Quanzhou Museum yesterday., Well, it was a waste of money to take a taxi _ you could have gone by,bus as well. (11,泉州市质检）,A.,when B. while C. unless D. because,2. You never really know whether you could handle failure _ you come face to face with it. (11,厦门市质检）,A.until B. after C. when D. while,3,Because of the heavy traffic,，,it was already time for lunch break,she got to her office,（,10,四川）,A,since B,that C,when D,until,4. John thinks it wont be long,he is ready,。,for his new job.,（,10,陕西）,A. when B. after C. before D. since,A,5.How can you expect to learn anything,you never listen,？,(06,山东,31),A.in case B.even ifC.unless D.when,1. I was so familiar with him that I recognized his voice _ I picked up the phone.,A. while B. after,C. in case D. the minute,2. How long do you think it will take _ our product becomes popular with the consumers,A. when B. until C. before D. since,3. _ the day went on, the weather got worse.,A. With B. since C. As D. While,4. He was halfway through his meal _ a familiar voice came to his ears.,A. why B. where C. when D. while,6.She had just finished her homework_,her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday(09,福建,33) .,A. when B. while C. after D. since,7.You cant borrow books from the school library _ you get your student card.(09,上海,32),A. before B. if C. while D. as,需要注意的几点,:,1.,在时间,(,或条件,),状语从句中,要注意时态一致,.,一般情况下, “,主将从现,”,When he,receives,the letter, he,ll,tell us.,1.When _again? When he_, Ill let you know. (NMET88),A. he comes; comes,B. will he comes ;will come,C. he comes; will come,D. will he come; comes,牛刀小试,(,时间状语从句,),_ he was on holiday he caught a bad cold.,Since B. While C. As D. During,2. _ the day went on, the weather got worse.,When B. Since C. While D. As,3. She will write to you as soon as she _ to Paris.,A. Will get B. gets C. get D. got,Mary made coffee _ her guests were finishing their meal.,So that B. although C. while D. as if,2. Tom was about to close the window _ his attention was caught by a bird.,When B. if C. and D. till,3. John thinks it wont be long _ he is ready for his new job.,A. When B. before C. after D. since,C,A,B,5. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up _ I could answer the phone.,A. As B. since C. until D. before,6. It was a long time _ we met again.,A. Before B. since C. for D. when,7. A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners curiosity _ he reaches the end of the story.,A. when B. unless C. until D. after,8. Dont stop _ you meet with a word you dont understand.,A. at the time B. each time,C. while D. During,9. -did you remember to give Alice the money you owe her?,-Yes, _ I saw her, I remember it.,A. while B. the instant C. suddenly D. soon,10. _ a baby turtle is hatched, it must be able to feed for itself.,No sooner than B. No sooner,C. So soon that D. As soon as,地点状语从句,1.,用连接副词,where,或,wherever,引导,。,.,a.,Just stay,where,you are.,b.,Where,there is a will, there is a way.,c.,You can sit,wherever,you like.,d.,Wherever,you go, Ill be right here waiting for you.,When he reads a book, his habit is to make a mark _ the meaning is unclear to him.,A. there B. wherever C. the place D. in which,2.,地点状语从句,1.Where-,的地方,2.Wherever=no matter where-,不论何处,Go where you want.,Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.,Youd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions.,Wherever there is smoke, there is fire.,地点状语从句,定语从句,He made a mark at the place _Helen was living .,A. at which B. at where,C. the place where D. where,He made a mark _Helen was living .,A. at which B. at where,C. the place where D. where,1._ there is a will, there is a way.,When B. That C. While D. Where,2. He made a mark _ Ali Baba was living.,at which B.at where,C. the place where D.where,3. -Where shall I put the dictionary?,-Put it _ it was.,That B. when C. where D. which,4. No one wants to live _ the air is polluted.,In place B. where,C. in which D. there where,牛刀小试,(,地点状语从句,),1. Today, we will begin _ we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out.,When B. where C. how D. what,2. The little girl who got lost decided to remain _ she was and wait for her mother.,A. Where B. what C. how D. who,B,A,原因状语从句,1.,表示主句中的,某一动作或状态,所发生的原因。引导,这种从句,2.,常用的连接词是：,because, as, since, now that, for,和,considering that, seeing that,这七个连词都用于表示表示原因,但在语气上一个比一个弱。,e.g. He didnt come to school,because,he was ill.,c.f. He might be ill,for,he didnt come to school.,表示“直接”原因。,表示“间接的推断”原因,.,不可出现在句首。,3.,原因状语从句,because, since, as, for,的区别,:,1.because,直接原因,，非推断语气最强,回答,why,的问题。,2.since ,通常,放句首,译为“既然”,3.as,不谈自明,的原因，语气最弱。,4.for,放句中,，引导后半句表原因,或补充推断的理由。,1. because:,因为,2. As: “,由于”,表示较为明显的原因,语气弱,As you request it, I will come.,3. Since:”,既然, ”,表示对方已经知道的事实或理由,Since everybody is here, lets begin.,4. now that,：因为,既然已,现在已经,Now that,Ive seen how he lives, I know why he needs so much money.,1. I danced in front of the people _ I liked it.,2. Youd better wear strong shoes _ well do,a lot of walking.,3. _ he was not well, I decided to go without him.,4. _ everybody know about it, I dont want to,talk any more.,5. He must be ill, _ he is absent Today.,6. Some people believe that _ oil is running out,the fate of the motor industry is uncertain.,because,as,As,Since,for,since,牛刀小试,(,原因状语从句,),Parents should take seriously their childrens requests for sunglasses _eye protection is necessary in sunny weather.,because B. though C. unless D. if,2. _ we have finished the book we shall start doing some exercises.,For now B. since that,C. Now that D. Since now,3. -Why didnt he attend the meeting?,-_ he thought it was unimportant.,Since B. As C. Because D. For,4. Unlike watching TV, reading is a highly active process _it requires attention as well as memory and imagination.,A. for B. until C. but D. unless,结果状语从句,结果,状语从句常位于主句之后，由,so,so that, such that; so that,等引导。,a.,So,quickly did he run,that,I couldnt catch up with him.,b.,The bus broke down,so that,we had to walk home.,c.,She is,such,a good teacher,that,everyone admires her.,d.,He got to the station finally,only,to,find,the train had left.,7.,结果状语从句,so that, such that,1.,so+,形容词,/,副词,+that,从句,2.so+,形容词,+,a/an +,可数名词单数,that,从句,3.,such +a/an,形容词,+,可数名词单数,+that,从句,4.such+,形容词,+,可数名词,复数,/,不可数名词,+that,5.so+many/much/few/little +,名词,+that,Such +a lot of/lots of +,名词,+that,从句,1.He was,so,excited,that,he couldnt go to sleep last night.,2.It is,such,an interesting novel,that,all of us want to read it.,3.It is,so,interesting a novel,that,all of us want to read it.,当,So,或,such,置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序,So interesting is it that all of us want to read it.,3. Mike is _boy that we all like him.,So good a B. a good so,C. A such good D. such good a,4. He has _ little education that he cant teach _ little children.,so; such B. too; such,C. a; so D. very; so,1.Pop music is such an important part of society _ it has even influenced our language.,A. As B. that C. which D. where,B,目的状语从句,引导目的状语从句的连词,:,in order that ,用于正式文体中，所引从句可于主句前或后。,so that,a.,较常用，一般用于主句后,有时可分开，,so,有时可省,;,从句中,要有情态动词,否则,就成为下一种句型：,b.,无,情态动词则引导,结果状语,从句。,for fear that; in case; lest (,以免,),等。,6.,目的状语从句,e.g.,a.,Well sit nearer the front,so,that,we can,hear better.,b.,I shall write it down,lest,I should forget.,注意：,当从句与主句的主语一致时，可用,so as to do ,或,in order to do ,e.g.,He,ran fast,so that,he,might,arrive there,before ten oclock.,He ran fast,so as to arrive,there before ten oclock.,so that:,以便,目的是,in order that:,以便,for fear that,Lest,以防,惟恐,in case,in order that,句首句中,so that,句中,目的状语从句中谓语动词要用,should+do,1.Take your umbrella,in case it should rain.,2.They worked harder than usual,in order that they could finish the work ahead of time.,3.I shall write down your telephone,number,so that I may not forget it.,Leave your key with a neighbor _ you lock yourself out one day.,Ever since B. even if,C. soon after D. in case,He started early _he could get there before nine.,A.In order that B. because,C. so as to D. in order to,D,A,条件状语从句,1.,表示主句中的某一动作或状态是在什么情况或条件下发生的。条件状语从句中通常用,一般现在时,表示将来。,条件状语从句由从属连词引导：,if, unless (,除非,), as / so long as (,只要,), on condition (,只要,), once (,一旦,), in case (,假使,) , providing / provided (that),等,。,e.g. a.Well come over to see you on Saturday,if,we,have time.,b. We should serve the people,as / so long as,we live.,4.,条件状语从句,连 词,连词,:,并列连词,和,从属连词,两大类。,1.,并列连词,:,连接主语与主语，谓语与谓语，句子与句子，分词与分词的词，它要求前后两部分有,相同的形式和语法作用,；,2.,从属连词,:,一般连接,主句与从句,，从句形式,有名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句等,。,引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：,if,unless(=if not,除非,),so/as long as,（只要）,in case,（万一）,on condition that,（条件是）,suppose/supposing,（假设，如果）,provided that,（如果）,_ you touch an English person, you should say “sorry”.,_ they are dirty, certain seas are not able to clean themselves.,_ we dont lose heart, well find a way to overcome the difficulty.,You can be allowed to play the game _,you finish your homework first.,Dont touch anything _ your teacher tells you to.,If,Once,As long as,on condition that,unless,1. We will be able to get there on time, _ our car doesnt break down on the road.,as soon as B. as far as,C. as long as D. as well as,2. In time of serious accidents, _ we know some basic things about first aid, we can save lives.,whether B. until,C. if D. unless,3. _ you have tried it, you cant imagine how pleasant it is.,A. Unless B. Because,C. Although D. When,1. Youll fail the exam,unless,you study hard.,2.,As long as,you dont lose heart, you will succeed.,3.,Suppose/supposing (that),they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help?,4.,In case,there is a fire, what will we do first?,The little boy wont go to sleep _ his mother tells him a story.,Or B. unless C. but D. whether,2. The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day ,_ accompanied by an adult.,Once B. when C. if D. unless,3. -Our holiday cost a lot of money.,- Did it? Well, that doesnt matter _ you enjoyed yourselves.,A. As long as B. unless C. as soon as D. though,B,D,A,方式状语从句,主句动作进行方式的状语被称为方式状语。通常用下列词语引导,:,as, just as, as if, as though,the way (that), in the way (that),等,。,a.,We must do,as,the Party tells us.,b.,Leave the things,as,they are.,c.,Most plants need sunlight,just as,they need water.,d.,It sounds,as if,it is raining.,e.,They did it,in a way that,I had never seen before.,他们以我从没见过的方式行事。,f.,As,water is to fish, so air is to man.,我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水,8.,方式状语从句,引导方式状语从句的连词有,as, just as,正如, as if, as though,好像,Do as you are told to, or you will be fired.,The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.,I feel as if I have a fever.,She pretended _ nothing had happened.,A. As B. if C. as though D. since,C,让步状语从句,让步概念的状语从句被称为让步状语,从句。,常用引导词：,though, although, even if, even though,no matter +,疑问词,(what/ who/ where/ when/ which/ how),疑问词,-ever,(whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever),特殊引导词：,as (,用在让步状语从句中必须,要倒装,),，,while (,一般用在句首,),，,whether or , whether () or not,5.,让步状语从句,一、,although/though, even if, even though,引导让步状语从句,不能和,but,连用,He is unhappy, though/although he has a lot of money.,Although/though it was raining hard, yet they went on playing football.,Even if/though it is raining, we will go there.,注意,Though,还可用作副词，意思为可是，然而， ，置于句末,He said he would come; he didnt, though.,二、,as,或,though,引导让步状语从句时倒装的情况,as,或,though,从句一般放在,主句之前,， 常用,倒装,语序。从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词,Child as/though he is, he knows a lot.,Much as/though I like, I wont buy it, for its too expensive.,Try as/though he might, he could not find a job.,Although,引导让步状语从句只能用正常语序,as,引导让步状语从句,，必须将从句中的,、 、,以及谓语中的,提前至从句句首，作表语的单数,可数名词前如有冠词，冠词需,。,表语,状语,实意动词,省略,Though he works hard, he makes little progress.,Hard as/though he works, he makes little progress.,Though he was,a,child, he knew what was the right thing to do.,Child as/though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.,Though you may object, Ill go.,Object as you may, Ill go.,whether or , whether () or not,whether or , whether or not,表示“,不论是否,”,，,“,不管是,还是,”,。其引导的从句旨在说明正反两,方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。,Whether,you believe it,or not, it is true.,Youll have to attend the party,whether,you are free,or,busy.,while,也可以引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”，语气比,though/ although,弱。其引导的从句一般位于,。,句首,例句：我尽管喜欢它的颜色，但不喜欢它的形状。,While I like its color, I dont like its shape.,三、,whetheror,不管,.,还是,； 疑问词,+ ever,与,no matter+,疑问词,(,不管,;,无论,),Whether you believe it or not, it is true.,Whatever (no matter what) you say, he wont believe you.,Whoever (no matter who) you are, you must obey the rules.,Whoever, whatever, whichever,还可以引导名词性从句,You can take whatever you like.,though, although,判断以下句子是否正确：,Although he is rich, but he is not happy.,Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.,Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.,要点归纳：,though, although,当“虽然”讲,都不能和,but,连用,.,但是他们都可以同,yet (still),连用,.,ever if, even though,even if,和,even though,表示,“ ”,即使,Well make a trip,even though,the weather is bad.,no matter +,疑问词 疑问词,-ever,No matter what happened, he would not mind.,Whatever happened, he would not mind.,替换：,no matter what = whatever,no matter who = whoever,no matter when = whenever,no matter where = wherever,no matter which = whichever,no matter how = however,判断正误：,No matter what you say is of no use now.,Whatever you say is of no use now.,归纳：,no matter+,疑问词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句，,而 “疑问词,+ever”,则可以,四、,when,和,while,也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于,although,Suddenly she stopped when she ought to have continued.,_ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.,A. While B. since C. Before D. Unless,2. The workers are determined to go through with their railway project, _ the expenses have risen.,A. as long as
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